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Member Dearborn Lodge 310 A. F. & A. M., Chicago 
Late Winona Chapter No. 5, Winona, Minnesota 
Charter Member, St. Bernard Commandary No. 35 K. T. Chicago 
Honorary Member Des Moines Consistory No. 3, Des Moines, la. 
Honorary Member Oriental Consistory, Chicago 
Crowned 33rd Degree, April 20th, 1856, Washington, D. C. 
Residence 4444 Woodlawn Avenue 
Office 611 Medinah Building 
CHICAGO, x ILL. 







HAYDEN'S 

RESEARCHES OF MASONRY 



Chicago, 1908 



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5Sx'ft.Y of coaaaEsJ 

two Copies ritteivec 

JUL 17 1»0» 

CLASS 0>- XXc. Wu 
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COPY 8. 



DEDICATED 

To all loyal members of the Craft throughout the wodd, with a 
cherished hope that in perusing the pages of this book, an abundance 
of reliable information may be attained and "MORE LIGHT" 
be the reward. 

THE AUTHOR. 



Copyrighted by 
A. HAYDEN 



INDEX. 

PAGES 

The Beginning of the End of Operative and 

Craft Masonry 7-9 

Historical Events. 

History of Modern Freemasonry 9-14 

History of Belgium 14 

History of Germany 16, 17 

History of Portugal 17, 18 

History of Spain 18, 19 

History of Italy 19-21 

History of Switzerland • 21-23 

History of Sweden 23-25 

History of Russia 25, 26 

History of Pennsylvania 26, 27 

History of Virginia 27-29 

History of New York 29, 30 

History of Iowa 30 

The Early Dates of Masonry Throughout the 

World 30, 31 

Grand Lodge Reports 31, 32 

Words of Good Men 32-35 

Female Masonry 35~37 

Nimrod, the Governor of Babylon 37, 38 

George Washington — Life and Death 38-41 

Universality of Masonry 41 

Letter of Brother Horatio King, Winchester — 

William McKinley 43, 44 

S. V. Whitaker, Iowa 35 



11 

PAGES 

Thomas R. Patton 35, 

Masonry and Church 5i~54 

Opinions 46 

Religion of Masonry 44-46 

Golden Fleece or Apron 59 

Temple of King Solomon 47"5i 

Oriental Music 50, 51 

Throne of King Solomon . . . . I 50 

The Presidents of the United States Who Were 

Masons 58 

Brethren Who Signed the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence 58 

Masonic Charities of the World 55—57 

Letters of Recommendation 42, 43 

President as a Mason 57, 58 



PREFACE. 

In presenting this book to my readers, I do it with 
the fullest assurance of its absolute correctness. I have 
taken the dates and chronology of events from his- 
torical works which cannot be doubted. I feel that my 
readers will be fully repaid in perusing this work, re- 
awakening the good teachings of Masonry. 

The author has devoted considerable time in search- 
ing Masonic libraries as well as ancient history and 
adopted for this work only such material as has proved 
true beyond any contravention. 

I have gone into the history of Masonry as deep as 
I thought prudent. If the readers desire more of this 
subject, I refer them to more elaborate historians. What 
I have given is correct and very useful reading. I do 
not desire to forget my old friend and brother, Herman 
Mendel P. M. of Agate Lodge 423, Neola, Iowa, whose 
assistance has been good and duly appreciated. 
Yours fraternally, 

Francis A. Hayden. 



THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF OPERA- 
TIVE AND CRAFT MASONRY. 



Noah and his descendants were on the plains of 
Babylon in confusion. About 120 years after the flood, 
Nimrod, the chief operator of the assembly, began a 
tower that they might reach the Almighty and see Him 
face to face, but Scripture tells us that God, seeing the 
temple advancing so high, confounded the language of 
the workmen so that they could not understand or be 
understood by their fellow craftsmen. Many of the 
workmen threw away their tools and emigrated to other 
portions of the country looking for work. They found it, 
so it is supposed, in 2993, when Solomon's Temple was 
building. The temple was six years and seven months 
in erection (some say nine years). Then many of the 
workmen seeing the temple nearly completed abandoned 
their work and traveled North, crossing the Mediterran- 
ean Sea into Italy and Spain, carrying with them the 
secret of master builders, erecting famous buildings, 
great cathedrals, monasteries, etc., wending their way 
into England. 

The first organization of Masons in England was 
about the year 300. Emperor Karl Carancius conferred 
many privileges on the Masons and appointed Albanus 
a Roman General, their Grand Master. In the year 926 
King Athelstane became king of England and appointed 
his brother, Edwin, overseer of the craft. Prince Edwin 
summoned all Masons in a convention at York, at 
which place a constitution was formed. Until the year 
1567 the Grand Lodge of York exercised Masonic au- 
thority over all England. Then Masons in the southern 
part of the Island elected one Sir Thomas Gresham for 
Grand Master. Now two Grand Masters were in exist- 
ence. The Grand Master of the North being called 
"Grand Master of all England," while he who presided 
in the South was called "Grand Master of England." 

Freemasonry, during the latter part of the sixteenth 
century, decreased to such a degree that in 1703 but 
four lodges existed in the city of London, while through- 



8 

out Great Britain at that time no other was known to the 
members, who, reduced to the smallest number, attended 
the meetings of these. In fact, with the completion of 
St. Paul's cathedral, the city of London was considered 
rebuilt, and the occupation of the operative Masons 
seemed to have been brought to a close; while the ac- 
cepted Masons, having obtained the object of their de- 
sire in the restoration of the monarchy, neglected the 
communion they had previously kept up with the opera- 
tive members of the institution. Hence we find that in 
the year 1703 the lodge of St. Paul — so named because 
the operative Masons engaged in the erection of the 
cathedral held their lodge in a building situated in the 
churchyard or grounds thereof — passed an important 
resolution, the object of which was to augment the num- 
bers of the fraternity, and to give the Masonic insti- 
tution some of its former importance in public estimation. 
Here, having agreed that they should continue the exist- 
ence of so praiseworthy an institution to be used as the 
conservator of religion and tradition, and perpetuate, 
by the beautiful allegories of its legends and symbols, 
its eminently humanitarian doctrines, they for this pur- 
pose adopted the following memorable resolution: 

"Resolved, That the privileges of Masonry shall no 
longer be confined to operative Masons, but be free to 
men of all professions, provided that they are regularly 
approved and initiated into the fraternity." 

This important decision changed entirely the face 
of the society, and transformed it into what we find it 
today; but many difficulties had to be removed, many 
years of probation had to be passed before this form of 
its workings could be successfully adopted. This was 
owing, first, to the want of union among the four 
lodges; second, to the exceedingly disreputable character 
which, for many years, had attached to the society — it 
having degenerated from an influential and privileged 
institution to little better than a pot-house companion- 
ship, with here and there a proud few who remembered 
its glories of other days; third, and perhaps, above all, 
the determined opposition of the Grand Master, Sir 
Christopher Wren, the architect of the new city of Lon- 
don, to the spirit of the innovating resolution. This op- 
position he maintained until his death ; so that it was not 
until after that event, which occurred in 17 16, that the 



four lodges which still existed, more in name than in 
fact, felt themselves at liberty to assemble their mem- 
bership with the primary object of electing a new Grand 
Master, but more particularly to detach themselves from 
all connections with the lodge at York, that had for fifty 
years enjoyed but a nominal existence, and to put into 
active operation the decision involved in the resolution 
of 1703. 

In that assembly, after electing the Master of St. 
Paul's Lodge, Anthony Sayre, to the office of Grand 
Master, there were gathered up the "Constitution and 
Charges of a Freemason," which subsequently prefaced 
by a "History of Freemasonry," prepared by Dr. Ander- 
son, were accepted, sanctioned, and printed in 1723, un- 
der the title of "The Constitution and Charges of the 
Ancient and Respectable Fraternity of Freemasons." It 
is the date of this publication that may properly be con- 
sidered the commencement of exclusively speculative or 
modern Freemasonry. The principle of civilization in- 
dwelling in the doctrines and pursuits of Masonry, after 
having burst the bonds which kept it grasped in the stiff 
embrace of a mechanical association, at once abandoning 
itself to all its powers of expansion, almost immediately 
penetrated the heart of the social system, and animated 
it with a new life. The new Freemasonry, in the short 
space of twenty-five years, spread itself in a manner but 
little less than miraculous into nearly every portion of 
the civilized world. It passed from England to France 
as early as 1725, thence to Belgium, to Holland, to Ger- 
many, to America, subsequently to Portugal, Spain, 
Italy, Switzerland, to Sweden, and to Poland; and as 
early as 1740, were to be found lodges in Denmark, in 
Bohemia, in Russia, in the Antilles, in Africa, and in 
the British possessions in Hindustan. 

HISTORY OF MODERN FREEMASONRY. 
ENGLAND. 

We have seen at the conclusion of our summary of 
the origin and general history of Freemasonry, in what 
manner the transformation of the corporation of Free- 
masons from an operative to a philosophic institution 
took place in England, in the year 171 7, and under what 
circumstances the Grand Lodge of London, in consti- 



tuting itself, put into execution the decision made, in 
1703, by the Lodge of St. Paul. 

The new Grand Lodge directed George Payne, who 
had been elected its Grand Master, to collect all the 
documents, manuscripts, charters, rituals, etc., relating 
to the ancient usages of the fraternity, for the purpose 
of connecting them with the registers and Anglo-Saxon 
deeds written in the Gothic and Latin languages, and of 
the whole to form a body of laws and doctrines, and to 
publish so much of the same as might be judged proper 
and necessary. After the careful examination of all 
these deeds, and a report made of their subjects by a 
commission composed of fourteen brethren, chosen from 
the most erudite Masons of London, the Grand Lodge 
directed that brother Dr. Anderson, a doctor of philo- 
sophy and eminent minister of the Presbyterian Church 
at London, compile from these documents a constitution 
to be preceded by a history of the corporation, which 
would in the future serve as a guide to modern Free- 
masonry. 

Brother Anderson, having acquitted himself of the 
task, in 1722, submitted his work to the commission, who 
approved it, and caused it to be sanctioned by the Grand 
Lodge on the 25th of March, 1723. This constitution 
is entitled, "The Book of Constitutions for Freemasons, 
Containing the History, Charges, and Regulations, etc., 
of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity 
for the Use of the Lodges." 

This constitution is based upon the charter of York, 
which, of all others, has served as a guide for all those 
which have been established since A. D. 926. Into this 
constitution were carried otherwise the changes and the 
developments which were rendered indispensable by the 
new object of the society, and properly above all was 
caused to predominate the supremacy of the Grand 
Lodge of London. This last tendency, so much to be 
deprecated, in this our own day, but proves that its 
authors were not permeated by the true spirit of the 
Charter of York. This collection of laws, published for 
the first time in 1723, has been printed many times, and 
for the last time by the Grand Lodge of England, in 
1855. Beginning with the year 1723, the organization 
of the new Masonry was seated upon a solid foundation, 
and its prosperity continued to increase. By virtue of 



this constitution, the new Grand Lodge of England 
placed itself in legitimate and sole authority over the 
entire Masonic fraternity, and settled from that time all 
contradictions on the part of English lodges constituted 
previous to that date. This constitution in fact at- 
tained the ancient liberties of Freemasons, and in par- 
ticular prohibited the formation of any lodges which 
should not receive the confirmation of the Grand Lodge 
of London. By this action protests against this new 
authority were excited in the Grand Lodges of York 
and Edinburgh. 

The activity displayed by the Grand Lodge of Lon- 
don, and the great number of operative lodges that it 
constituted, stimulated the zeal of the Masons of Ireland 
and Scotland, who, up to this time, had assembled but 
at distant and irregular periods. Soon Masonic temples 
opened on all sides in the two kingdoms, and the initia- 
tions were multiplied in great number, a fact which re- 
sulted in the convocation of a general assembly of the 
Masons of Ireland by the lodges of Dublin, with the ob- 
ject of organizing Freemasonry upon the same basis as 
sustained the Lodge of London. A central power was 
constituted at this assembly, which took place in 1729, 
under the title of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, and Vis- 
count Kingston was elected Grand Master. 

The Grand Lodge of York, jealous of the prosperity 
of the Grand Lodge of London, and pretending that it 
was the more ancient and legitimate power, and solely 
endowed with the right to direct Freemasonry, contested 
the supremacy claimed by the latter, and thereby caused 
for a time considerable embarrassment; but it could 
not arrest the progress of that body, nor interrupt its 
success, and soon found itself under the necessity of re- 
vising its laws and conforming its regulations to the ob- 
ject of the modern Freemasonry, as had already been 
done by its successful rival, the Grand Lodge of London. 

The ancient Grand Lodge of Scotland, at Edinburgh, 
considering the prosperity and aggrandizement of the 
new English lodges as the consequence of their adoption 
of new regulations and the election of new Grand Mas- 
ters, desired to introduce these changes into its system; 
but the hereditary trust of patron, of which James I. had 
conceded the honor to the family of Roslin, in 1430, was 
an obstacle to this innovation. However, the Baron 



Sinclair of Roslin, then Grand Master under this con- 
cession, acceded to the general wish expressed, for him 
to renounce this authority, and the four oldest lodges 
of Edinburgh convoked, on the 24th of November, 1736, 
all the other lodges and all the Masons of Scotland in a 
general assembly, with the object of organizing a new 
Masonic power. After reading the act of renunciation 
of the Baron Sinclair of Roslin to the dignity of heredi- 
tary Grand Master, as also to all the privileges thereto 
appertaining, the assembly, composed of the representa- 
tives of thirty-two lodges, constituted itself the "Grand 
Lodge of St. John of Scotland," and named the Baron 
Sinclair of Roslin its first Grand Master in 1737. 

The three Grand Lodges of Great Britain, thus con- 
stituted, propagated the new Freemasonry upon every 
portion of the globe, so that, in 1750, we find it extended 
into nearly every civilized country ; but its humanitar- 
ian doctrines like the dogma of "Liberty, Equality, 
Fraternity," which it exhibited, frightened the kings and 
the clergy, who sought to arrest its progress by issuing 
decrees and edicts against it. In Russia in 173 1, in Hol- 
land in 1735, in Paris in 1737, 1738, 1744 and 1745, the 
meetings of lodges of Freemasons were interdicted by 
the government; while at Rome and in Florence its 
members were arrested and persecuted, and in Sweden, 
Hamburg, and Geneva, they were prohibited from meet- 
ing or assembling themselves in the capacity of lodges. 
The "Holy Inquisition" threw Freemasons into prison, 
burnt by the hand of the public executionor, all books 
which contained Masonic regulations, history or doc- 
trines; condemned at Malta to perpetual exile, in 1740, 
a number of knights who had organized a lodge on 
that island ; in Portugal it exercised against Masons 
cruelties of various kinds, and condemned them to the 
galleys ; while in Vienna and Marseilles, as also in 
Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, the iron hand of 
that institution was felt in 1743. In 1748, at Constanti- 
nople, the sultan endeavored to destroy the Masonic 
society. In the states of the Church, the King of 
Naples prohibited Masonry, and Ferdinand VII., King 
of Spain, issued an edict that prohibited the assembly of 
Freemasons within his kingdom, under penalty of death. 
In 1 75 1, Pope Benedict XIV. renewed the bull of ex- 
communication promulgated against the fraternity by 



13 

Clement XII., while the threat of death menaced all who 
should be known to attend Masonic meetings. 

But all these exhibitions of the rage of kings, princes 
and potentates were ineffectual to stop the onward course 
of Freemasonry, which continued to be propagated upon 
all the surface of the earth with a rapidity that no power 
could arrest. Braving the bull of Benedict XIV., Free- 
masonry was openly practiced in Tuscany, at Naples, 
and in many other parts of the Italian peninsula. Even 
in Rome the partisans of the Stuarts founded some 
lodges, which they took but feeble pains to hide from 
the authorities. 

The activity of the three Grand Lodges of Great 
Britain, and, above all, that of London, was not con- 
fined to the establishment of lodges in Europe, between 
the years 1727 and 1740; they had already transplanted 
Masonry to Bengal, to Bombay, the Cape of Good 
Hope, New South Wales, New Zealand, and Java, and 
as early as 1721, lodges of Masons were established in 
Canada. Before 1740 Masonry existed in the principal 
colonies of the now United States of America, such as 
Massachusetts, Georgia, South Carolina, and New York. 
In these colonies the lodges had created Grand Lodges 
independent of the Grand Lodges of England, from 
which they had in the beginning received their authority. 
Massachusetts had a Grand Lodge in 1777; Vermont 
in 1774; Virginia and North Carolina in 1778; Maryland 
in 1783 ; Pennsylvania, Georgia and New Jersey in 
1786; and New York in 1787. 

The Lodge of London, notwithstanding its astonish- 
ing prosperity, was not permitted to enjoy that prosper- 
ity without great internal struggles, caused first by the 
Grand Lodge of York, and subsequently by the schism 
of a great many brethren, who, adhering to the claims 
of the latter, went out from the former and took the 
name of "Ancient Masons," in contradistinction to the 
membership of the Grand Lodge of London, who re- 
mained true to their engagements and whom this 
schismatic party styled "Modern Masons." These 
schismatic lodges, composed in great part of Irish 
Masons — who accused the Grand Lodge of altering the 
rituals and introducing innovations — and of Masons who 
had been expelled constituted, in 175 1, a rival power to 
the Grand Lodge, under the titled of "The Grand Lodge 



14 

of Ancient Masons of England." Notwithstanding its 
inferiority, and the few lodges which it represented or 
was enabled to establish, this schismatic party, in 1772, 
requested the Duke of Athol, who had already rilled 
that office in the Grand Lodge of Scotland, to become 
its Grand Master, a request with which he complied. The 
two Grand Lodges continued to exist, in opposition to 
each other, to the great scandal of the Fraternity, until 
the year 18 13, when by the united efforts of the Duke 
of Sussex, who was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge 
termed MODERNS, and the Duke of Kent, who was 
Grand Master of the Grand Lodge known as the AN- 
CIENTS, the two bodies were happily united with great 
solemnity, under the style and title of "THE UNITED 
GRAND LODGE OF ANCIENT FREEMASONS OF 
ENGLAND." 

BELGIUM. 

The history of Freemasonry in Belgium is divided 
into many periods : that during which Belgium was part 
of the low country of Austria; that during which it was 
incorporated in the Empire of France; that of its re- 
union with Holland ; and, finally, the period since the in- 
dependence of Belgium was established. This was the 
first continental country that received the new Free- 
masonry of England. The first lodge was instituted at 
Mons, the 4th of June, 1721, under the title of "Perfect 
Union," by the Duke of Montague, then Grand Master 
of the Grand Lodge of London. It was this lodge that 
was subsequently erected into an English Grand Lodge 
for the low countries of Austria; but, in 1785, it shared 
the fortunes of all other Austrian lodges by the edict of 
the Emperor Joseph I. We shall only add that from 
181 7 to 1832, strenuous attempts were made to establish 
in Belgium, particularly at Brussels, the different systems 
of high degrees. 

HOLLAND. 

This country was for a long time preserved from the 
innovations due to intriguing politicians and other 
schemers, who everywhere have provoked deplorable 
schisms in the Masonic ranks ! nevertheless it finally had 
to submit to the consequences of allowing the English 
Rite, which was for years the only one known, to be en- 



i5 

croached upon by those anti-masonic productions which 
have denaturalized our beautiful institution, and which, 
in place of hastening us forward to the goal of its ideal, 
have but advanced that goal farther from us. 

A lodge was founded at The Hague, in 1725, com- 
posed of the elite of Dutch society; but the clergy, ever 
hostile to Freemasons, not having permitted it to be 
openly constituted, its labors during many years were 
conducted in the most profound secrecy; and it was not 
until 1 73 1, when Lord Stamhope, Duke of Chesterfield, 
was English ambassador at the court of William, Prince 
of Orange, that it was officially constituted. This lodge 
owed its existence to Brother Vincent de la Chappela, 
who had been authorized for the purpose of organizing 
it by the Grand Lodge of England. It was by it, that 
the Emperor Francis I., then Duke of Lorraine, was 
initiated. In 1834, many lodges united in a general as- 
sembly for the purpose of regularly organizing Free- 
masonry in Holland, by constituting a provincial Grand 
Lodge. In 1810, by the aid of the subscriptions made 
up by the Holland lodges, an asylum for the blind was 
instituted at Amsterdam. 

In 1819; Prince Frederick sent to all the lodges of 
Europe copies of two documents found in the papers of 
the defunct Grand Master Boetzelaar. The first of 
these documents is a species of charter, dated at Cologne, 
the 24th of June, 1535, and signed by nineteen persons, 
bearing illustrious names, and who therein are presented 
as delegates from nineteen Masonic lodges of different 
countries in Europe. The second is the record-book of 
the meetings of a lodge which, according to it, should 
have existed at The Hague in 1637, and whose date of 
organization is the 8th of May, 15 19. The events of 
1830 changed anew the Masonic organization in Holland, 
placing it as we found it in 1818; and the Grand Orient 
of Holland took under its direction the lodges of the 
new Dutch territory and the Dutch colonies in the two 
Indies. As in the past, it continues to fill with dignity, 
under its noble chief, Prince Frederick William Charles, 
the position that it occupies as one of the most ancient 
departments of Freemasonry in Europe. 

The Grand Orient of Holland at present directs, in 
all, the labors of sixty-seven operative lodges, of which 
about twenty are in the East and West Indies. 



i6 



GERMANY. 

The earliest history of Freemasonry in Germany is 
supposed to be closely interwoven with the history of 
the building associations of the Middle Ages: for we 
may easily recognize a strong similarity in the usages, 
customs and peculiar terms of the Fraternity of Free- 
masons of the present day, and the "Stein-Metzen" 
(stonecutters) of Germany: (i) The classification of 
their members into Masters, Fellow-Crafts, and Appren- 
tices; (2) The government of the society by a certain 
number of officers ; (3) The exclusion of the uninitiated 
from their meetings ; (4) The peculiar qualifications for 
membership; (5) The equality of all the members of 
the Craft; (6) The mutual obligations of all to relieve 
suffering; (7) The peculiar laws, jurisdiction, and gen- 
eral regulations; (8) The ceremonies of initiation; (9) 
The manner of opening and closing the assemblies; (10) 
The privileges of a Mason's son; (11) The examination 
of foreign brethren, etc. Taking all these circumstances 
into consideration and combining with them the results 
of historical investigation, we must concede that the 
modern society is the direct descendant and successor, 
in an unbroken line, of the operative Fraternity of 
Masons of the Middle Ages. In 1733, Preston says, 
eleven German Masons applied for authority to open a 
lodge at Hamburg, under the patronage of the Grand 
Lodge of England, a purpose for which the Grand Mas- 
ter, Lord Starthmore, granted a dispensation to establish 
a permanent lodge, concerning which but little is now 
known. December 6, 1737, a lodge was established in 
Hamburg, by authority of the Grand Lodge of England. 
In 1774, at Hanover, under the title "Frederick," was 
founded a lodge which did not, however, enter into ac- 
tive operation until 1746. This lodge is still in existence. 
The war of 1750 compelled most of the lodges to close 
their work until 1758. 

In 1766 another provincial Grand Lodge was estab- 
lished in Frankfurt-on-the-Main ; in 1776 the society 
of Illuminati, a secret political organization, was intro- 
duced; in 1780 the Swedish rite was practiced. Many 
of the lodges becoming dissatisfied with the great num- 
ber of rites and high degrees, held a convention for Ger- 
man lodges in Frankfurt, and the union was formed 




7* 



GEN. ALBERT PIKE 33° 

Grand Commander Southern Supreme Council, 
Mother Council of the World. 




^ 



GIL W. BARNARD 33° 

Grand Secretary of Oriental Consistory, 

Chicago, 111. 

Died June 19th, 1908. 



Spread the broad mantle of Charity over him, and drop 
beneath the folds all his faults and foibles, and call him 
blessed. 



i7 

under the title "ECLECTIC UNION." Its chief points 
were as follows : ( I ) The three Masonic degrees alone 
are acknowledged by all the United Lodges; (2) Each 
lodge is left free to introduce as many of the higher de- 
grees as it may deem proper, but they must not be com- 
pulsory upon the whole association; (3) None of the 
associated lodges are dependent on the others — they are 
all equal; (4) The Provincial Lodges of Wetzlar and 
Frankfurt-on-the-Main form a General Directory. 

PORTUGAL. 

There is one country where Masonic light has pene- 
trated with the greatest difficulty; for it is the seat 
of ignorance and superstition. This country is the para- 
dise of monks, who there cease not to build convents, 
and exercise the exclusive privilege of directing the 
minds of the people, the king, and his counselors. That 
country is Portugal. 

From the Book of Constitutions, first published by 
the Grand Lodge of London, in 1723 — and subsequently 
at later periods, to the extent of five separate editions, 
the last of which was published by order of the Grand 
Lodge of England, in 1855 — we learn that the Grand 
Lodge of London instituted at Lisbon, in 1735, a Pro- 
vincial Grand Lodge, by the agency of Brother George 
Gordon ; but the seeds thus sown fell on barren soil. In 
the matter of persecution, undergone by all who at- 
tempted to disseminate Freemasonry in this country, it 
stands without a rival, if we may except Spain ; but lat- 
terly this condition is disappearing. 

Although all vestige of Masonry had disappeared for 
twenty-five years, in 1802 an inquest was ordered against 
Freemasons in Portugal, and all who were suspected 
even, by this inquest, were charged with conspiracy 
against the king and the church, and sentenced to the 
galleys without trial or form of law. 

Notwithstanding these interdictions, however, as well 
as the cruelties which were exercised under their author- 
ity, a Masonic body was constituted at Lisbon, under the 
title of the Grand Orient of Lusitania, as also a Supreme 
Council of the Scottish (33d) Rite. The later sovereigns 
of Portugal, without having revoked the prohibitory de- 
crees against Freemasons, appear to tolerate the Fra- 



i8 

ternity; for there has been established another authority 
at Oporto, under the name of "Pattos-Manuel," and sub- 
sequently a Provincial Grand Lodge of Ireland. But 
in a country where — as in Spain and at Rome — the 
clergy rule everything, we can entertain but little hope 
for the extensions or well-being of Freemasonry. 

SPAIN. 

In no country, Portugal excepted, has Freemasonry 
been exposed to persecutions more atrocious than in the 
Roman Catholic Kingdom, par excellence, of Spain — 
persecutions based upon the bulls of Clement XII., of 
the 27th of April, 1738; of Benedict XIV., of the 18th 
of May, 175 1 ; and the edict of Cardinal Consalvi, of the 
13th of August, 1814, which, as we have seen, pro- 
nounced all Freemasons excommunicated and condemned 
them to the most severe penalties, even death itself was 
not uncommon. 

From the Book of Constitutions we learn that in 1727 
and in 1728, under the Grand Mastership of the Count 
of Inchquin and Lord Coleraine, the first warrants were 
delivered to establish lodges at Gibraltar and Madrid. 
In 1739 a number of lodges were instituted at these 
places, and the Grand Lodge of London patented Cap- 
tain Commerford Provincial Grand Master for all An- 
dalusia. 

The Catholic clergy of Spain exhibited themselves at 
a very early period here, as elsewhere, the bitter enemies 
of Freemasonry. The better to enable them to discover 
the members of the Fraternity, and the secret practices 
and doctrines of the institution, the monk Joseph Tor- 
rubia, censor of the Holy Office of the Inquisition at 
Madrid, was ordered, in 1750, to assume a false name, 
pass himself as a layman, and be initiated into a Masonic 
lodge. For this purpose he received from the Pope's 
legate the dispensations necessary to relieve him from 
the obligations of the oaths he should have to take upon 
being made a Freemason. After having thus been 
enabled to visit the lodges in different parts of Spain, 
he presented himself before the supreme tribunal of the 
Inquisition, denounced Freemasonry as the most abomi- 
nable institution that existed in the world, accused its 
members of every vice and crime revolting to religion, 



19 

and submitted a list of ninety-seven lodges established 
in the kingdom, against which he solicited the most rig- 
orous action of the Inquisition. 

The importance of the great number of brethren who 
were members of these lodges, belonging, as they did, 
to the nobility and to the rich and influential classes, in- 
duced the Holy Office to reflect upon the matter, and 
to request the king to interdict the institution of 
Freemasonry. In response to its promptings, Ferdinand 
VI. issued a decree, dated the 2d of July, 175 1, prohib- 
iting Freemasonry throughout the extent of his king- 
dom, under the pretext that it was dangerous to the 
state and to religion, and pronouncing the penalty of 
death against all who should profess it. Under this 
decree many persons were sacrificed by the order of the 
Inquisition. These cruelties were calculated to suppress 
the idea of introducing Masonry within the country, 
and also of restraining any exhibition of life on the part 
of the lodges already established; so that it was not 
until after the French Revolution that they emerged 
again into the light, and began to spread more rapidly 
than before. After having founded at Xeres a Grand 
Lodge for Spain, there was established, on the 3d of No- 
vember, 1805, under the government of Joseph Napoleon, 
a Grand Orient of Spain, having its seat at Madrid, the 
very stronghold of the Inquisition. The same year was 
constituted a Supreme Council of the Scottish (33d) 
Rite, and subsequently a Grand Orient, at Grenada, the 
Athens of Spain. 

The countries in which Masonry is at present pro- 
hibited are: Spain and her colonies, Catholic Bavaria, 
Austria and its dependencies, and Russia, with the coun- 
tries under her rule. 

ITALY. 

In no country has Freemasonry been subjected to 
such changes of fortune as in Italy. It is at Florence 
that we find the first traces of the institution. Introduced 
there in 1729, by the Grand Lodge of England, which 
established many lodges in Tuscany, in 1731, we find a 
Provincial Grand Lodge instituted. But Gaston, the last 
Grand Duke of the family of the Medici, in 1737 in- 
terdicted all Masonic meetings, and not until after his 
death did Freemasons again meet in a lodge capacity. 



20 

Then, the clergy having complained to Pope Clement 
XII., he sent an inquisitor to Florence, who arrested 
and imprisoned all the Masons he could discover, and 
ceased not in his persecutions until ordered so to do by 
the successor of Gaston, Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 
who was subsequently Emperor of Austria. This prince, 
who had been made a Mason in Holland, protected the 
institution. Under his reign Masonry extended into all 
Italy — to Milan, Padua, Venice, and Verona. It existed 
even at Rome, where, unknown to the Pope, a lodge 
worked in the English Rite. The bull of excommunica- 
tion of the 27th of April, 1738, published on the 29th of 
the following May, and which prohibited Masonic meet- 
ings in all Catholic countries, under the most severe 
penalties, closed a portion of the Italian lodges. A new 
edict of the Cardinal Ferras, dated 14th of January, 
1739, confirmed this bull, and ordered to be burned, by 
the hands of the public hangman, a pamphlet written in 
favor of Freemasons. These persecutions, however, had 
but little effect in interrupting the spread of Masonry in 
Italy, particularly at Naples ; and it was only by the pro- 
mulgation of the bull of Pope Benedict XIV., on the 
1 8th of March, 1751, that the lodges were obliged to 
close their meetings. 

In 1760 the Grand Lodge of Holland instituted a 
provincial Grand Lodge at Naples, which, in a short 
time, had organized eight operative lodges. Then de- 
taching itself from the Grand Lodge of Holland, this 
lodge took rank as a Provincial Grand Lodge, under the 
Grand Lodge of England. In 1767 the body declared 
itself independent, under the title of the National Grand 
Lodge of Italy, with the Duke Demetrio della Rocca in 
the office of Grand Master ; in which condition it existed 
until 1790, when it was dissolved by the French Revo- 
lution. 

The Grand Orient, created at Naples in 1807, and 
having the Prince Eugene for Grand Master, subse- 
quently united itself to the Grand Orient of Italy, which 
was organized on the 24th of June, 1809, under the. 
auspices and Grand Mastership of the king, Joachim 
Murat. 

With the fall of Napoleon L, this portion of the his- 
tory of Freemasonry in Italy closes. Thereafter all the 
interdictions, bulls and edicts were renewed. The decree 



21 

of Pope Pius VIL, dated the 15th of August, 1814, car- 
ried infamy and bodily torture as the penalty incurred by 
all convicted of assembling as Freemasons. Immediately 
following this, similar decrees were promulgated by all 
the crowned heads of Catholic countries, all repeating 
the absurd charges contained in the decree of the Pope, 
Pius VIL, and prohibiting in their respective states all 
Masonic assemblies. Finally, on the 8th of August, the 
King of Naples issued his interdiction, and, under pen- 
alty of sentence to the galleys, prohibited all participa- 
tion in the assemblies of Freemasons. 

After that time the lodges continued closed in Italy, 
and it was not until 1856 — an interval of forty years — 
that the Grand Orient of France instituted lodges at 
Genes and at Livorne. Since then the lodges have 
multiplied and extended into all the principal cities of 
the peninsula. These lodges soon decided to institute 
an independent Grand Lodge ; and, after the deliberation 
by their delegates of a suitable constitution, on the 1st of 
January, 1862, the Grand Orient of Italy was organized, 
with its seat at Turin and the brother Nigra nominated 
Grand Master. This brother, however, having declined 
the nomination, the brethren Cordova and General Gari- 
baldi were put in nomination, and the former elected. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Freemasonry penetrated into Switzerland in 1737, 
when a Provincial Grand Master of England, named 
George Hamilton, founded the first lodge at Geneva, 
and shortly afterward the second at Lausanne; but in 
consequence of its interdiction, in 1738, by the magis- 
tracy of Berne, the latter was dissolved. In 1740 a new 
lodge was organized at Lausanne ; but a second prohibi- 
tion by the government of Berne, dated the 3d of March, 
1745, closed it. It was not until about 1764 that lodges 
were organized in Lausanne and in the canton of Vaud ; 
but a third edict, issued by the government, in 1770, 
against the assembling of Freemasons, dispersed these 
lodges also. 

The Provincial Grand Lodge of Geneva maintained 
itself with much difficulty, for nearly all the lodges that 
it constituted, particularly those in the canton of Vaud, 
were dispersed by the edicts mentioned. Having sought, 



however, to establish lodges in the cities of German 
Switzerland, and others in Geneva, it seemed necessary 
that a Grand Orient of Geneva should be established; 
and, in 1786, this authority was instituted; but the 
French Revolution of 1789 caused it to suspend opera- 
tions. In 1796 it resumed its functions; but, by the 
union of Geneva with the Empire of France, its opera- 
tions were set aside by the Grand Orient of France, 
which immediately commenced instituting lodges within 
its jurisdiction. In 1765, Masonry having extended into 
German Switzerland, a lodge was established at Basle, 
and another at Zurich, in 1771. Both of these lodges 
were instituted by the Provincial Grand Lodge of 
Geneva. 

At Berne Masonry had been introduced, about the 
year 1740, by the Provincial Grand Lodge of Geneva, 
but, in consequence of the interdiction of the magis- 
trates of Berne, it had disappeared, and no traces of it 
could be found in the canton until about 1798, when 
some Bernese officers, in the service of France, estab- 
lished three lodges, styled, respectively, "Friends of 
Glory," "Foreign Country," and "Discretion." The first 
two had but a short existence, and from the remains of 
the last was formed the "Lodge of Hope," which was 
constituted by the Grand Orient of France, on the 14th 
of September, 1803, and which was then the only lodge 
in active operation in the whole Swiss Confederation. 

A new era now appeared to dawn for Masonry in 
Switzerland, which, no more persecuted, developed with 
wonderful rapidity, and lodges were established, within 
a short time, in the principal towns of the country ; but 
the wars of the empire once more arrested this new 
growth. The Lodge of Hope was composed of emi- 
nent men of all classes of society — nearly all foreign 
diplomatists, resident at Berne as representative of for- 
eign powers, having become members of this lodge. In 
1812 it initiated Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, since 
King of the Belgians. On the 12th of July, 1818, this 
lodge applied for a patent to the Grand Lodge of Eng- 
land ; and on the 24th of June, 1819, it was installed as 
a Provincial Grand Lodge of England, by the brother 
Louis de Tavel de Kruiningen, who had been elected to 
the position of Provincial Grand Master. From that 
time it abandoned and discredited the chapters and high 



23 

degrees of all kinds which it had received from France, 
and thenceforward recognized nothing as Masonic but 
the three symbolic degrees. 

DENMARK. 

Freemasonry was introduced into the capital of this 
kingdom in 1783, by the Baron of Munich, Secretary of 
the Ambassador of Russia, who organized the first opera- 
tive lodge, under the name of "St. Martins Lodge." 
Shortly afterward several others were established, and, 
in 1749, the Grand Lodge, of which Count Damekiold 
Laurvig was named Grand Master, and who, in 1780, 
erected the same into a Grand Lodge of Denmark. The 
simplicity of English Masonry had to give way here, as 
everywhere else, to the system of high decrees, which 
had invaded all Europe and blinded the good sense of 
the brethren. 

King Christian VIII., of Denmark, after having 
named the landgrave, Charles of Hesse, Grand Master 
for life, solemnly recognized Freemasonry by an official 
act, dated the 2d of November, 1792. 

At the death of the landgrave of Hesse, in 1836, the 
Prince Royal, afterward King Christian VIII. , declared 
himself protector and Grand Master. In 1848, the 
Grand Mastership passed to King Frederick VII., un- 
der whom Danish Masonry attained a very flourishing 
condition. 

In 1863, the Grand Lodge of Denmark exercised 
jurisdiction over nine operative lodges, of which four 
are in the capital and five in the provinces. 

Danish Masonry enjoys great consideration in the 
country, and, under the Grand Mastership of the reign- 
ing king, prospers from day to day. 

SWEDEN. 

Masonry was introduced at Stockholm in 1736; but 
the Swedish government, affected by the interdictions 
pronounced against it by nearly every European state, 
prohibited Masonic meetings in 1758. Nevertheless, new 
operative lodges were subsequently established, and in 
the year 1764, a provincial Grand Lodge for Sweden 
was organized at Stockholm. One of the first acts of 
the Freemasons of this country was the establishment 



of an orphan asylum, which is today the glory and 
crown of Swedish Masonry. One donation of $30,000, 
which was made by Brother Bohmann, permitted it to 
be greatly enlarged. 

The King, Gustavus III., and his brother, the Duke 
of Sudermanie, were initiated in 1770; and believing the 
statement made to him by the officials of the rite, that 
Sweden was the first country into which it was intro- 
duced, the king undertook to re-establish the order of 
Knights Templar. He was named Grand Master, and 
exercised the functions of that office until 1780, when 
the Provincial Grand Lodge, declaring itself independ- 
ent, took the title of Grand Lodge of Sweden, and the 
king designated his brother, the Duke of Sudermanie, 
to replace him as Grand Master. 

King Gustavus had in the beginning favored the 
establishment of the system of the Templars, and in 
some degree discouraged the lodges practicing the Eng- 
lish rite; but, having immediately discovered the secret 
plans which lay hidden under the system of Strict Ob- 
servance, he mistrusted its tendency; and it is to this 
fact — thanks to the efforts of the independent Masonic 
lodges located in the country — that he afterward suc- 
cessfully confounded the projects of the Jesuits, and 
liberated himself from the tutelage under which he was 
held by them. 

Assassinated the 27th of March, 1792, his son suc- 
ceeded him, under the title of Gustavus IV., and was 
initiated, though yet a minor, into Masonry, the 22d of 
March of the year following, after he had renounced his 
right to the throne. His uncle, the Duke of Sudermanie, 
already Grand Master of Swedish Freemasonry since 
1780, succeeded him under the title of Charles XIII., 
and exercised the Grand Mastership until 181 1, when he 
delegated the office to Prince Charles Jean Bernadotte. 

The protection of the king, and the official recogni- 
tion of Masonry by the government, in 1794, has given 
to the institution in Sweden an importance which it does 
not possess elsewhere. On the 27th of May, 181 1, King 
Charles XIII. founded an order exclusively for meri- 
torious Freemasons, of which the insignia is publicly 
worn, and thus proved his respect for the institution. 
The foundation of this order, created from a noble sen- 
timent that greatly honored the king, is, nevertheless, 



25 

in contradiction to the spirit of Freemasonry, and in op- 
position to its principles. The same day this order was 
established, the king announced as his successor the 
brother Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte-Corvo; the an- 
nouncement was sanctioned by the government, and he 
was proclaimed at the same time Grand Master of Swe- 
dish Masonry. On coming to the throne, in 1818 the 
new king delegated the Grand Mastership to his son, 
Oscar, Duke of Sudermanie, subsequently Charles John 
XIV., who directed in person, as the actual king (Charles 
XV.), the Masonic labors of the Grand Lodge. The 
Grand Lodge of Sweden has under its jurisdiction three 
provincial Grand Lodges, with twenty-four operative 
lodges. The reigning king is Grand Master in his own 
right. 

RUSSIA. 

It was the Grand Lodge of London that established 
the first lodge at Moscow, in 1731, under the reign of 
the Empress Anna Ivanowa, and, for the purpose of 
constituting others in the country, patented John Phil- 
lips, Provincial Grand Master. Freemasonry made but 
little progress in Russia, and it was not until the year 
1771 that the first lodge was organized at St. Peters- 
burg. In 1772, the Grand Lodge of London delivered 
to John Yelaguine, a Senator and Privy Councilor, a 
patent constituting him Provincial Grand Master for 
Russia; and, after his death, he was succeeded by the 
Count Roman Woronsow. At this time the lodges in- 
creased to a greater extent in St. Petersburg than in any 
other portion of the empire, the membership belonging in 
great part to the nobility. Lender the reign of Cather- 
ine II. it would have been difficult to find in St. Peters- 
burg a noble who was not a Freemason. It is true that 
the Empress often manifested some chagrin when, often 
finding but a single chamberlain in attendance upon her, 
she inquired for such and such a one whom she missed, 
and was told that he had gone to the lodge ; but, never- 
theless, she was well enough disposed toward the fra- 
ternity to have her son, Paul I., initiated immediately 
upon his becoming of age. 

To Paul I., assassinated the 23d of March, 1801, suc- 
ceeded Alexander I. At first he confirmed the interdic- 
tion pronounced by his predecessor against Freemasonry ; 



26 

but, in 1803, consequent upon a circumstantial report 
which he ordered to be made upon the object and prin- 
ciples of Freemasonry, he revoked it, and was himself 
initiated. We have been unable to ascertain the exact 
date of this ceremony, the place, or the lodge in which 
it took place, nor do we know that he ever took any part 
in the labors of the Fraternity. On the contrary, al- 
though he never restricted in any way its existence, he 
always exhibited a certain degree of mistrust of the in- 
stitution. 

None of the successors of Alexander, who died in 
1825, having revoked this prohibition, Masonry remains 
in Russia under the ban of this interdiction. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Notwithstanding the doubts and discrepancies exist- 
ing in regard to the early development of the Mystic 
Order in Pennsylvania, we must content ourselves with 
the evidences of history as presented to us until the 
mists that now surround the temple shall be dispelled 
by the discovery of the truth. The history of St. John's 
Grand Lodge, at Boston, furnishes the following extract : 
"A petition being presented from Benjamin Franklin and 
several brethren residing in Philadelphia, June 24, 1734, 
for a constitution for holding a lodge there, the R. W. 
Grand Master (Henry Price), having this year received 
orders from the Grand Lodge in England to establish 
Masonry in all North America, was pleased to grant 
the prayer of the petitioners, and to send them a depu- 
tation, appointing the R. W. Benjamin Franklin their 
first Master ; which was the beginning of Masonry in 
the state of Pennsylvania." 

"In 1758, Lodge No. 2 was constituted, by virtue of 
a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ancient York 
Masons of England, the Earl of Blessington, Grand 
Master, and Lawrence Dermott, Grand Secretary." — 
History of Masonry in Pennsylvania, presented to the 
Grand Lodge in 1826. 

In the last named work we are informed "that a war- 
rant for a Provincial Grand Lodge in Pennsylvania was 
issued by the Grand Lodge of England, in June, 1764, 
directed to William Ball, as Grand Master. From this 
period little is known of Masonry in Pennsylvania. The 



27 

original archives of the Provincial Grand Lodges (for 
it seems there was more than one) were destroyed dur- 
ing the Revolution, and while Philadelphia was in the 
hands of the British. In 1779, the Masons of that juris- 
diction, feeling the evils resulting from the want of an 
organized body, requested William Ball to convene the 
Masons of the state with a view of reorganization. In 
compliance with their request he summoned the brethren 
to assemble in Philadelphia, Dec. 20, 1779, when Grand 
Officers were elected — Brother Ball being chosen Grand 
Master. September 13, 1786, thirteen lodges by their 
Masters and Wardens met in Philadelphia and unani- 
mously Resolved, That it would be improper that the 
Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania should remain any longer 
under the authority of any foreign Grand Lodge, where- 
upon the Grand Lodge closed sine die. On the day fol- 
lowing, the delegates of the thirteen lodges assembled 
in convention, organized the present Grand Lodge of 
Pennsylvania, and elected Grand Officers. From the re- 
organization of this Grand Lodge down to the present 
day the history of Masonry in that jurisdiction has been 
one uninterrupted course of prosperity and general har- 
mony. 

VIRGINIA. 

Writers on the early history of Freemasonry in the 
United States, particularly of the time when they were 
colonies of the British government, are often embar- 
rassed in their researches, and are unable to furnish the 
"tangible proof" of the first introduction of the order 
into certain well-established localities among the early 
settlements of this country. For the matter ot this sketcn 
we are indebted to a very able and interesting address 
on the "History of the Grand Lodge of Virginia," by 
R. W. John Dove, M. D." Brother Dove has been an 
active member of the Grand Lodge of Virginia for fifty, 
and its Grand Secretary for more than thirty, years. He 
says : "The first lodge of Ancient York Masons was 
chartered Dec. 22, 1733, m tne village of Norfolk, by 
the title of Royal Exchange Lodge, No. 172. The sec- 
ond lodge was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Scotland 
for Port Royal, by the name of Kilwinning Cross, in 
1755. The third was chartered by the same Grand Lodge 
for Petersburg, by the name of Blandford Lodge, No. 



83, in 1757. The fourth was chartered by the Grand 
Lodge of Massachusetts for Fredericksburg, July 21, 
1758, having some years before obtained a dispensation. 
The fifth was chartered by the Grand Lodge of 
England for Hampton, Nov. 6, 1773, by the name 
of St. Tammany ; and on the same day, by the same grand 
body, the sixth lodge was chartered for Williamsburg, 
by the name of Williamsburg. The seventh was char- 
tered by the same for Gloucester, Nov. 6, 1773, by the 
name of Botetourt. The eighth was chartered by the 
Grand Lodge of Scotland for Cabin Point, Royal Arch. 
At a convention of delegates from Norfolk, Kilwin- 
ning Cross, Port Royal, Blandford, Williamsburg and 
Cabin Point Royal Arch Lodges met at Williamsburg, 
Va., May 6, 1777, for the purpose of choosing a 
Grand Master for the state of Virginia. The conven- 
tion voted unanimously that a Grand Master ought to 
be chosen to preside over the Craft in Virginia, and a 
committee was appointed to present to the Fraternity at 
large the reasons for this step. May 13 following, the 
convention received the committee's report which pre- 
sented four reasons for the course contemplated, viz.: 
(1) That the lodges in Virginia were working under 
five distinct and separate authorities, viz., the Grand 
Masters of England, Scotland, Ireland, Pennsylvania 
and America — the last at second hand ; consequently they 
could not assemble in annual communication to mani- 
fest the distinguishing characteristics of Masonry, or 
settle whatever differences might arise among the re- 
spective lodges for want of a common tribunal. (2) The 
committee could find no precedent where Masonry had 
ever derived any benefit from the foreign appointment 
of a Grand Master in this country, those officers being 
but little known and slightly regarded. (3) There was 
no tribunal for the correction of abuses, and no settled 
authority for the establishment of new lodges. (4) The 
Grand Lodges of England, Scotland and Ireland, having 
established their own right of election upon the inherent 
privilege of Masons, distinct from all foreign power 
whatever, the committee conceived that the Masons of 
Virginia had the same rights and privileges which 
Masons in other lands, in all times, heretofore had con- 
fessedly enjoyed. After the discussion of this able paper 
the convention then adjourned to meet at Williamsburg, 



2 9 

June 23, ensuing. Upon that day, the delegates of five 
lodges assembled, agreeably to adjournment, and de- 
clared themselves unanimously of opinion that a Grand 
Master of Virginia was essential to the prosperity and 
dignity of Masonry in general; but there not being a 
majority of the Virginia Lodges represented, they de- 
clined proceeding at that time to an election. The con- 
vention recommended, however, that each lodge petition 
its own Grand Master (in England, Scotland, etc., as 
the case might be) to appoint some worthy Mason, resi- 
dent in this state, as Grand Master thereof, with power 
to resign such authority to a convention of all the lodges 
when they should meet and elect a Grand Master. And 
for this purpose the convention recommended that GEN- 
ERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON, Commander-in- 
chief of the Revolutionary Army, should be the indi- 
vidual to whom the charter of appointment should be 
made. But General Washington declined. The con- 
vention reassembled Oct. 13, 1778, four lodges being 
represented, and adopted a resolution, unanimously, that 
there was a sufficient number of lodges present to pro- 
ceed to business, and then decided that the power and 
authority of Cornelius Harnet as Deputy Grand Master 
of America had ceased to exist. John Blair of Wil- 
liamsburg, was then unanimously elected Grand Master. 
When he was installed, Oct. 30, ensuing, then was the 
long-desired object of an independent Grand Lodge ac- 
complished. 

NEW YORK. 

The first deputation for New York was that granted 
m 1737, during the Grand Mastership of the Earl of 
Darnley, to Richard Riggs, as Provincial Grand Master; 
but there is no record of his having established any 
lodges. In 1747 another deputation was issued, during 
the Grand Mastership of Lord Byron, to Francis Goulet. 
In 1753, Lord Carysfort being Grand Master of Eng- 
land, a deputation was issued to George Harrison. As 
Provincial Grand Master, he organized several lodges. 
In 1760, Sir John Johnson was appointed Provincial 
Grand Master; he held the office until the commence- 
ment of the Revolutionary War. During that war most, 
if not all, of the lodges suspended labor. On Sept. 5, 
1 78 1, a warrant was obtained from the Athol Grand 



3Q 

Lodge, and a Provincial Grand Lodge was opened in the 
city of New York. After the close of the war, this body 
abandoned its provincial character, and assumed the title 
of the "Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of 
the State of New York," and under that title it con- 
tinues to exist. Dissentions and schisms have, from time 
to time, arisen, but for many years past there has been 
uninterrupted harmony and union. 

IOWA. 

Freemasonry was introduced into Iowa on Nov. 20, 
1840, by the formation of a lodge at Burlington, under 
a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Missouri. Of this 
lodge, Bro. Theodore S. Parvin, since a Past Grand 
Master of the state, was one of the founders, and James 
R. Hartsock, another Past Grand Master, was the first 
initiate. A second lodge was formed at Bloomington, 
now Muscatine, Feb. 4, 1841 ; a third at Dubuque, Oct. 
20, 1841 ; and a fourth in Iowa City, Oct. 10, 1842. A 
convention was held on Jan. 2, 1844, an d a Grand Lodge 
organized, Oliver Cock being elected Grand Master. 



Masonry was established in the kingdoms, principali- 
ties, states and territories of the world : 





Date. 




Date. 


Africa 


1736 


Delaware 


1806 


Alabama 


1819 


Ecuador 


1857 


Arkansas 


1832 


England 


His. 1703 


Asia 


1780 


Florida 


1806 


Australia 


1828 


France 


1725 


Austria 


1742 


Georgia 


1735 


Bavaria 


1737 


Germany 


His. 1730 


Belgium, 


His. 1835 


Holland 


His. 1751 


New Brunswick 


1844 


Illinois 


1822 


Bohemia 


1749 


Indiana 


1817 


Brazil 


1821 


Iowa 


His. 1840 


California 


1850 


Ireland, no record 




Canada 


1855 


Italy 


His. 1733 


Chili 


1841 


Kansas 


1856 


Colombia 


1817 


Kentucky 


1800 


Colorado 


1861 


Louisiana 


1793 


Columbia, D. C. 


1810 


Maine 


1819 


Connecticut 


1750 


Maryland 


1750 


Cuba 


1859 


Massachusetts 


1733 


Denmark 


His. 1743 


Mexico 


1824 



3i 





] 


Date. 




Date. 


Michigan 


Detroit 1794 


Rhode Island 


1757 


Minnesota 




1849 


Russia 


His. 1731 


Mississippi 




1801 


Saxony 


1738 


Missouri 




1807 


Scotland 


1736 


Montana 




1863 


South Carolina 


1736 


Netherlands 




1731 


Spain 


His. 1728 


Nebraska 




1857 


Sweden 


His. 1735 


New Hampshire 




1734 


Switzerland 


His. 1737 


New Jersey- 




1729 


Tennessee 


1813 


New York 


His. 


1737 


Texas 


1835 


Nevada 




1865 


Trinidad, W. I: 


1797 


North Carolina 




1761 


Turkey 


1844 


Nova Scotio 




1749 


Uruguay 


1827 


Ohio 




1808 


Vermont 


1781 


Oregon 




1854 


Virginia 


His. 1741 


Pennsylvania 


His, 


, 1734 


West Virginia 


1863 


Peru 




1782 


Wisconsin 


1843 


Poland 




1736 


Utah 


1867 


Portugal 


His 


. 1736 







The following table shows the number of members in 
each state and province of the United States and Canada 

as per last report at hand and as compared with last prior 
report : 

1906 1907 

Alabama 16667 18191 

Arizona 1191 

Arkansas 16155 17480 

California 31619 33769 

Colorado 10997 11510 

Connecticut 19346 20087 

Delaware 2668 2772 

District of Columbia 7365 7726 

Florida 6019 6655 

Georgia 25289 27620 

Idaho 2056 2251 

Illinois 74741 79712 

Indiana 42627 45059 

Indian Territory 6363 7540 

Iowa 35729 36736 

Kansas 25986 27167 

Kentucky 26992 28593 

Louisiana 8960 9651 

Maine 25307 25889 

Maryland 11057 11580 

Massachusetts 46790 48415 

Michigan 51871 53795 

Minnesota 20287 21056 

Mississippi 12244 13252 

Missouri 40983 42954 

Montana 4013 4227 



32 

1906 1907 

Nebraska 14719 15163 

Nevada 1030 1113 

New Hampshire 9565 9695 

New Jersey 33487 34973 

New Mexico 1484 1629 

New York 139206 146027 

North Carolina 14578 15528 

North Dakota 5957 6636 

Ohio 61636 65107 

Oklahoma 5976 6777 

Oregon 7322 7689 

Pennsylvania 67706 71249 

Rhode Island 6428 6483 

South Carolina 7937 8688 

South Dakota 5957 6636 

Tennessee 19420 20179 

Texas 387£0 39162 

Utah 1213 1270 

Vermont 11535 11802 

Virginia 15846 16981 

Washington 8997 9880 

West Virginia 10121 11006 

Wisconsin 21251 22118 

Wyoming 1809 1951 

Totals 1073227 1130360 

Or a net gain of 57133. 

The British- American Membership is as follows : 

1906 1907 

Alberta 1206 

British Columbia 2859 3051 

Canada (Ontario) 35000 37000 

New Brunswick 2204 .... 

Nova Scotia 4417 4715 

Prince Edward Island 608 635 

Quebec 4709 5000 

Manitoba 4786 4410 



THE WORDS OF GOOD MEN. 

"The grand object of Masonry is to promote the 
happiness of the human race." — George Washington. 

"Freemasonry is a beautiful system of morality, veiled 
in allegory, and illustrated by symbols." — Hemming. 

"Masonry is an art, useful and extensive, which com- 
prehends within its circle every branch of useful knowl- 
edge and learning, and stamps an indelible mark of pre- 
eminence on its genuine professors, which neither chance, 
power, nor fortune can bestow." — Preston. 




^ 



FREDERICK WEBBER 33° 

Secretary General Holy Empire, Southern Supreme 

Council, Mother Council of the World, 

Washington, D. C. 




7* 



GEN. JOHN CORSON SMITH 33° 

Grand Minister of State A. A. S. I!., Past Grand 
Master A. P. & A. M. of Illinois, Chicago. 



33 

"Freemasonry is an institution calculated to benefit 
mankind." — Andrew Jackson. 

"Freemasonry is a moral order, instituted by virtuous 
men, with the praiseworthy design of recalling to our 
remembrance the most sublime truths in the midst of 
the most innocent and social pleasures, founded on lib- 
erality, brotherly love and charity." — Arnold. 

"I have ever felt it my duty to support and encour- 
age the principles of Freemasonry, because it powerfully 
develops all social and benevolent affections." — Lord 
Durham. 

From its origin to the present hour, in all its vicissi- 
tudes, Masonry has been the steady, unvarying friend 
of man." — Rev. Erastus Burr. 

"I highly venerate the Masonic institution, under the 
fullest persuasion that where its principles are acknowl- 
edged, and its laws and precepts obeyed, it comes near- 
est to the Christian religion, in its moral effects and in- 
fluence, of any institution with which I am acquainted." 
— Rev. Fred Dalcho. 

"Freemasonry is a science of symbols, in which, by 
their proper study, a search is instituted after truth — 
that truth consisting in the knowledge of the divine and 
human nature, of God and the human soul." — Dr. A. G. 
Mackey. 

"Masonry superadds to our other obligations the 
strongest ties of connection between it and the cultiva- 
tion of virtue, and furnishes the most powerful incen- 
tives to goodness." — De Witt Clinton. 

"Freemasonry is an order whose leading star is phil- 
anthropy, and whose principles inculcate an unceasing 
devotion to the cause of virtue and morality." — LaFay- 
ette. 

"Freemasonry is an institution essentially philan- 
thropic and progressive, which has for its basis the ex- 
istence of God and the immortality of the soul. It has 
for its object the exercise of benevolence, the study of 
universal morality, and the practice of all the virtues." — 
Constitution Grand Orient of France. 

"I regard the Masonic institution as one of the means 
ordained by the Supreme Architect to enable mankind 
to work out the problem of destiny; to fight against, 
and overcome, the weaknesses and imperfections of his 
nature, and at last to attain to that true life of which 



34 

death is the herald, and the grave the portal." — John 
W. Simons. 

"It is noble in its administration; to think and let 
think, beyond the narrow contracted prejudices of bitter 
sectarians in these modern times. It is general or uni- 
versal language, fitted to benefit the poor stranger, which 
no other institution is calculated to reach by extending 
the beneficent hand." — Lorenzo Dow. 

"The prosperity of Masonry as a means of strength- 
ening our religion, and propagating true brotherly love, 
is one of the dearest wishes of my heart, which, I trust, 
will be gratified by the help of the Grand Architect of 
the universe." — Christian, King of Denmark. 

Initiation. — If the brethren, when they enter into 
this society, do not reflect upon the principles on which 
it is founded ; if they are content to remain in their prim- 
itive ignorance, or do not act upon the obligations which 
they have taken upon themselves to discharge, all I can 
say is, that the sooner such individuals retire from the 
order the better it will be for the society, and the more 
creditable to themselves. — The Duke of Sussex, M. W. 
G. M. 

"For centuries had Freemasonry existed ere modern 
political controversies were ever heard of, and when 
the topics which now agitate society were not known, 
but all were united in brotherhood and affection. I 
know the institution to be founded on the great prin- 
ciples of charity, philanthropy, and brotherly love." — 
Bulwer. 

"I think we are warranted in contending that a so- 
ciety thus constituted, and which may be rendered so 
admirable an engine of improvement, far from meriting 
reproach, deserves highly of the community." — Rev. Dr. 
Milne. 

"Charity or brotherly kindness is as much a Masonic 
as it is a Christian virtue." — Rev. Dr. Slade. 

"The study of Freemasonry is the study of man as a 
candidate for a blessed eternity. It furnishes examples 
of holy living, and displays the conduct which is pleas- 
ing and acceptable to God. The doctrine and examples 
which distinguish the order are obvious, and suited to 
every capacity. It is impossible for the most fastidious 
Mason to misunderstand, however he may slight or neg- 
lect them. It is impossible for the most superficial 



35 

brother to say that he is unable to comprehend the plain 
precepts, and the unanswerable arguments which are 
furnished by Freemasonry." — Oliver. 

"There are great truths at the foundations of Mason- 
ry — truths which it is its mission to teach — and which 
as constituting the very essence of that sublime system 
which gives to the venerable institution its peculiar iden- 
tity as a science of morality, and it behooves every dis- 
ciple diligently to ponder and inwardly digest." — Albert 
Pike. 

TOLD BY AN OLD IOWA MAN. 

I joined the Masonic order when I was twenty-one 
years old (through the advice of my father), a step I 
never regretted. All of those grand old men who were 
present have long since gone to their reward. I claim 
to be the oldest living Mason that ever joined the order 
in the grand old state of Iowa, having been a member 
for forty-nine years, and I have held every office from 
tyler to worshipful master. 

S. V. Whitaker. 

Stockport, Iowa, Jan. 6, 1908. 

Bro. Thomas R. Patton, who was treasurer of the 
Grand Lodge of Masons of Pennsylvania and who died 
recently, has left his entire estate of between $2,000,000 
and $3,000,000 to the Grand Lodge of his state for the 
education and support of male orphans of Master Ma- 
sons. 

Washington was made a Mason in 1753 and attained 
a higher dignity in the order than any of the other presi- 
dents, though Andrew Jackson was Grand Master of 
Tennessee, the state which now holds one of the high- 
est Masons in this country, ex-Congressman Richard- 
son. — Ohio State Journal. 

FEMALE MASONS. 

The landmarks of Speculative Masonry peremptorily 
exclude women from any active participation in its mys- 
teries. But there are a few instances in which the other- 
wise unalterable rule of female exclusion has been made 
to yield to the peculiar exigencies of an occasion; and 
some cases are well authenticated where this Salic law 
has been violated from necessity, and females have been 



36 

permitted to receive at least the first degree. Such, 
however, have been only the exceptions which have given 
confirmation to the rule. 

Aldworth, the Hon. Mrs. — This lady received about 
the year 1735 the first and second degrees of Free- 
masonry in Lodge No. 44, at Doneraile, in Ireland. The 
circumstances connected with this singular initiation 
were first published by Spencer, the celebrated Masonic 
bibliophile, in London. 

The Hon. Elizabeth St. Leger was the youngest 
child and only daughter of the Right Hon. Arthur St. 
Leger. 

The communications were usually held in the town, 
but during the mastership of Lord Doneraile the meet- 
ings of Lodge No. 44 were often held at his Lordship's 
residence. 

It was during one of these meetings at Doneraile 
House that this female initiation took place. The young 
lady, being giddy and thoughtless, and determined to 
gratify her curiosity, made her arrangements. With a 
pair of scissors she removed a portion of a brick from 
the wall and placed herself so as to command a full view 
of everything which occurred in the next room ; so 
placed, she witnessed the two first degrees in Masonry. 
Becoming aware from what she heard that the brethren 
were about to separate, she began to consider how she 
could retire without observation. She became nervous 
and agitated and nearly fainted. Being in the dark she 
stumbled against and overthrew something, said to be 
a chair. The crash was loud, and the Tiler gave the 
alarm, burst open the door, and with a light in one hand 
and a drawn sword in the other, appeared to the now 
terrified and fainting lady. 

It was resolved by the lodge to give her the oppor- 
tunity of submitting to the Masonic ordeal to the ex- 
tent she had witnessed (Fellow Craft). She gladly and 
unhesitatingly accepted the offer. She was accordingly 
initiated. 

Mrs. — or, as she was appropriately called — Sister 
Aldworth, lived many years after, but does not seem 
ever to have forgotten the lessons of charity and fra- 
ternal love which she received in her unexpected initia- 
tion into the esoteric doctrines of the Order. "Placed 
as she was," says the memoir we have quoted, "by her 




^ 



SIR GEN. GEORGE M. MOULTON 33° 

Past Commander-in-Chief, Past M. W. Grand Mas- 
r, Illinois, Past Master Knight Templars. 




7*= 



AMOS PETTIBONE 33° 

Past Commander-in-Chief Oriental Consistory, Dep- 
uty of Illinois, Northern Supreme Council. 



37 

marriage with Mr. Aldworth, at the head of a very large 
fortune, the poor in general, and the Masonic poor in 
particular, had good reason to record her numerous and 
bountiful acts of kindness ; nor were these accompanied 
with ostentation — far from it. It has been remarked of 
her, that her custom was to seek out bashful misery and 
retiring poverty, and with a well directed liberality, 
soothe many a bleeding heart. 

Beaton, Mrs. — The following account of Mrs. Bea- 
ton is given in "A General History of the County of 
Norfolk," published in 1829 (Vol. 2, p. 1304). Mrs. 
Beaton, who was a resident of Norfolk, England, was 
commonly called the Freemason, from the circumstance 
of her having contrived to conceal herself, one evening, 
in the wainscoting of a lodge room, where she learned 
the secret at the knowledge of which thousands of her 
sex have in vain attempted to arrive. She was, in many 
respects, a very singular character, of which one proof 
adduced is that the secret of the Freemasons died with 
her. She died at St. John Maddermarket, Norwich, July, 
1802, aged eighty-five. 

Aintrailles, Madame de. — A lady who was initiated 
into Masonry by a French lodge that did not have the 
excuse for this violation of law that we must accord to 
the Irish one in the case of Miss St. Leger. Clavel 
(Hist. Pittoresq. p. 34) tells the story, but does not 
give the date. 



NIMROD. 

The legend of the craft in the Old Constitution re- 
fers to Nimrod as one of the founders of Masonry. 
Thus in the York Manuscript we read: "At ye make- 
ing of ye Toure of Babell there was Masonrie first much 
esteemed of, and ye King of Babilon yt was called Nim- 
rod was A Mason himselfe and loved well Masons." 
And the Cooks Manuscript thus repeats the story : "And 
this same Nembroth began the towre of Babilon and he 
taught to his werkemen the craft of Masonrie, and he 
had with him many Masons more than forty thousand. 
And he loved and cherished them well." The idea no 
doubt sprang out of the Scriptural teaching that Nim- 
rod was the architect of many cities; a statement not so 



38 

well expressed in the authorized version as it is in the 
improved one of Bochart, which says: "From that land 
Nimrod went forth to Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and 
Rehoboth city, and Calah, and Resen between Nineveh 
and Calah, that is the great city." 



WASHINGTON, GEORGE. 

The name of Washington claims a place in Masonic 
biography, not because of any services he has done to 
the Institution either as a worker or a writer, but be- 
cause the fact of his connection with the Craft is a 
source of pride to every American, at least, who can 
thus call the "Father of his Country" a brother. There 
is also another reason. While the friends of the Insti- 
tution have felt that the adhesion to it of a man so emi- 
nent for virtue was a proof of its moral and religious 
character, the opponents of Masonry, being forced to ad- 
mit the conclusion, have sought to deny the premises, 
and, even if compelled to admit the fact of Washington's 
initiation, have persistently asserted that he never took 
any interest in it, disapproved of its spirit, and at an 
early period of his life abandoned it. The truth of his- 
tory requires that these misstatements should be met by 
a brief recital of his Masonic career. 

Washington was initiated in 1752, in the lodge at 
Fredericksburg, Va., and the records of that lodge, still 
in existence, present the following entries on the subject. 
The first entry is thus : 

"November 4th, 1752. This evening Mr. George 
Washington was initiated as an Entered Apprentice"; 
and the receipt of the entrance fee, amounting to 23s, 
is acknowledged. 

On the 3d of March, in the following year, "Mr. 
George Washington" is recorded as having been passed 
a Fellow Craft; and on the 4th of the succeeding Au- 
gust, the record of the transactions of the evening states 
that "Mr. George Washington" and others whose names 
are mentioned, have been raised to the sublime degree 
of Master Mason. 

The connection of Washington with the British 
military lodge will serve as some confirmation of the 
tradition that he was attentive to Masonic duties during 



39 

the five years from 1753 to 1758, when he was engaged 
in military service. 

There is ample evidence that during the Revolu- 
tionary War, while he was Commander-in-chief of the 
American armies, he was a frequent attendant on the 
meetings of military lodges. A few years ago, Captain 
Hugh Maloy, a revolutionary veteran, then residing in 
Ohio, declared that on one of these occasions he was 
initiated in Washington's marquee, the chief himself 
presiding at the ceremony. Bro. Scott, a Past Grand 
Master of Virginia, asserted that Washington was in 
frequent attendance on the communications of the breth- 
ren. The proposition made to elect him a Grand Mas- 
ter of the United States, as will be hereafter seen, af- 
fords a strong presumption that his name as a Mason 
had become familiar to the Craft. 

In 1777, the Convention of Virginia Lodges recom- 
mended Washington as the most proper person to be 
elected Grand Master of the Independent Grand Lodge 
of that commonwealth. Dove has given in his Text 
Book the complete records of the Convention ; and there 
is therefore no doubt that the nomination was made. It 
was, however, declined by Washington. 

We next hear of Washington's official connection 
in the year 1788. Lodge No. 3 — at Alexandria, which 
had hitherto been working under the Grand Lodge of 
Pennsylvania — in 1788 transferred its allegiance to Vir- 
ginia. On May 29 in that year the lodge adopted the 
following resolution : 

"The lodge proceeded to the appointment of Master 
and Deputy Master to be recommended to the Grand 
Lodge of Virginia, when George Washington, Esq., was 
unanimously chosen Master; Robert McCrea, Deputy 
Master; Wm. Hunter, Jr., Senior Warden; John Alli- 
son, Junior Warden." 

It was also ordered that a committee should wait on 
Gen. Washington, "and inquire of him whether it will 
be agreeable to him to be named in the Charter." What 
was the result of that interview, we do not positively 
know. But it is to be presumed that the reply of Wash- 
ington was a favorable one, for the application for the 
Charter contained his name, which would hardly have 
been inserted if it had been repugnant to his wishes. 
And the Charter or Warrant under which the lodge is 



40 

still working is granted to Washington as Master. The 
appointing clause is in the following words: 

"Know ye that we, Edmund Randolph, Esquire, Gov- 
ernor of the Commonwealth aforesaid, and Grand Mas- 
ter of the Most Ancient and Honorable Society of Free- 
masons within the same, by and with the consent of the 
Grand Lodge of Virginia, do hereby constitute and ap- 
point our illustrious and well-beloved brother, George 
Washington, Esquire, late General and Commander-in- 
chief of the forces of the United States of America, and 
our worthy brethren, Robert McCrea, William Hunter, 
Jr., and John Allison, Esqs., together with all such other 
brethren as may be admitted to associate with them, to 
be a 'first, true, and regular lodge of Freemasons, by the 
name, title, and designation of the Alexandria Lodge, 
No. 22! " In 1805, the lodge, which is still in existence, 
was permitted by the Grand Lodge to change its name 
to that of "Washington Alexandria," in honor of its 
first Master. 

The evidence, then, is clear that Washington was 
the Master of a lodge. Whether he ever assumed the 
duties of the office, and, if he assumed, how he dis- 
charged them, we know only from the testimony of Tim- 
othy Bigelow, who, in a eulogy delivered before the 
Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, two months after Wash- 
ington's death, and eleven after his appointment as Mas- 
ter, made the following statement: 

"The information received from our brethren who 
had the happiness to be members of the lodge over which 
he presided for many years, and of which he died the 
Master, furnishes abundant proof of his persevering zeal 
for the prosperity of the Institution. Constant and 
punctual in his attendance, scrupulous in his observances 
of the regulations of the lodge, and solicitous, at all 
times, to communicate light and instruction, he dis- 
charged the duties of the Chair with uncommon dig- 
nity and intelligence in all the mysteries of our art." 

So much has been said about the Masonic career and 
opinions of Washington because American Masons love 
to dwell on the fact that the distinguished patriot, whose 
memory is so revered that his unostentatious grave on 
the banks of the Potomac has become the Mecca of 
America, was not only a brother of the Craft, but was 
ever ready to express his good opinion of the Society. 



41 

They feel that under the panoply of his great name they 
may defy the malignant charges of their adversaries. 
They know that no better reply can be given to such 
charges than to say, in the language of Clinton, "Wash- 
ington would not have encouraged an Institution hostile 
to morality, religion, good order, and the public welfare." 
George Washington assisted his brother Masons in 
laying the corner stone of the United States Capitol at 
Washington, D. C, September 18, 1793. He died Satur- 
day, December 14, 1799, and was buried on Wednesday, 
December 18th, at 3 p. m. by his brother Masons of 
Lodge 23 of Alexandria. Thus ends the life and death 
of our brother, George Washington. Let us be ever 
willing to remember our brother as a Mason. 



UNIVERSITY OF MASONRY. 

The boast of the Emperor Charles V., that the sun 
never set on his vast empire, may be applied with equal 
truth to the Order of Freemasonry. From east to west, 
and from north to south, over the whole habitable globe, 
are our lodges disseminated. Wherever the wandering 
steps of civilized man have left their footprints, there 
have our temples been established. The lessons of 
Masonic love have penetrated into the wilderness of the 
West, and the red man of our soil has shared with his 
more enlightened brother the mysteries of our science; 
while the arid sands of the African desert have more 
than once been the scene of a Masonic greeting. Ma- 
sonry is not a fountain, giving health and beauty to 
some single hamlet, and slacking the thirst of those only 
who dwell upon its humble banks ; but it is a mighty 
stream, penetrating through every hill and mountain, and 
gliding through every field and valley of the earth, bear- 
ing in its beneficent bosom the aboundant waters of love 
and charity for the poor, the widows, and the orphans of 
every land. 



REMEMBER. 



With your trust in God your faith is well founded. 
You can press forward with hope of victory, ever re- 
membering to extend the point of charity to the fallen 
foe. AMEN. 



42 

SECRETARY'S OFFICE OF THE MASONIC BODIES OF 
WINONA. 

Winona, Minn., Dec. 13, 1906. 
Dear Brother Hayden : 

I have just received your book and find it most interest- 
ing. I shall read it to the brethren in Lodge when we have no 
work and I know it will prove very instructive to them. 
With thanks. 

Yours fraternally, 

J. J. Hillmer, 32°, K. C. C. H. 



Chicago, Dec. 12, 1906. 

Mr. Francis A. Hayden, 

Chicago, III. 
Dear Frater: 

I have examined the book you term Researches of Masonry 
and find very much of interest to the Mason in search of light 
in the early days of its existence. 

Trusting that you may be able to get it before the craft in 
goodly numbers. 

I am yours truly, 

Gil. W. Barnard, 33° 



Chicago, Dec. 14, 1906. 

Mr. Francis A. Hayden, 

Chicago, III. 
My Dear Brother: 

I have read your Research of Masonry and find it very 
instructive and interesting. It should commend itself to the Fra- 
ternity, especially to the younger members. 
Yours fraternally, 

Frederick M. Ramsey, 33° 



Bro. Hayden : 

I have read your book, and wish to say it will give all the 
Masonic History any Mason wants. 

Fraternally yours, 

Herman Mendel, P. M. 
Iowa, Dec. 11, 1906. 



Chicago, Aug. 26, 1907. 
Mr. F. A. Hayden, 

619 Medinah Building, 

Chicago, III. 
My Dear Frank: 

Your book, entitled "Hayden Researches of Masonry," has 
been read by me with interest, pleasure and profit, and I wish 
that all my Masonic friends would do likewise, feeling sure that 
they will be amply rewarded by so doing. 
Sincerely yours, 

Geo. M. Moulton, 33* 
Past Grand Master Knights Templar, U. S. A. 



43 

Valley of Chicago, Dec. 19, 1906. 
Dear Brother Hayden : 

I have read with much interest your "Researches of Ma- 
sonry." 

In bringing before the craft so much information in such 
concise form as to enable the student in search of further light 
an easy method of securing its source in many countries of the 
world you have conferred a great favor upon the craft, involv- 
ing vast labor on your part, which should, and doubtless will, 
be duly appreciated. 

Fraternally yours, 

Amos Pettibone, 33° 



Sioux Falls, S. D., May 8, 1907. 
Frank A. Hayden, 33° 

Chicago, III. 
My Dear Brother: 

Replying to yours of the 6th inst, will say that the Grand 
Lodge of Dakota was organized in 1875, and the Grand Lodge 
of South Dakota in 1889, at the time the Territory of Dakota 
was divided into the states of North and South Dakota. 

The number of Masons in this Grand Jurisdiction in 1906 
was 6,336 and in 1907 6,660, making a gain of 324. 
Fraternally, 

George A. Pettigrew, 33° 

Grand Secretary. 



Chicago, Oct. .19, 1907. 
Dear Brother Hayden: 

I am in receipt of a copy of your "Hayden ^Researches of 
Masonry," which I find contains much information valuable to 
the Masonic student. 

What you tell of General Washington's connection with our 
ancient craft is worth more than the cost of the book. I hope 
the book meets with the sale that its merit deserves. 
I am fraternally, 

John "Corson" Smith, 33° 



Extract from letter of Brother Horato C. King, 
Brooklyn, N. Y., to Brother A. H. Mattox, of Winches- 
ter, Va. : 

"President McKinley was initiated in the same room 
that I was — a long room in a two-story wooden building, 
the lower part of which, I think, was occupied as a 
store. This is my recollection, but I may be mistaken. 
I wish I could visit Winchester again. It is full of 
pleasant memories. I expected to attend the lodge with 
President McKinley. We talked it over just before his 
second inauguration, and he was much delighted with 
the prospect of visiting the lodge and also in going over 



44 

his old campaigning ground around Winchester. He 
gave me a very interesting account of how he came to 
be a Mason. He said that after the battle of Opequan 
or Winchester, in 1864, he accompanied the surgeon of 
his regiment to a field where about 4,000 Confederate 
prisoners were under guard. He observed that the doc- 
tor shook hands cordially with a number of them and 
that he also gave money to them until he had emptied 
his pockets. On the way back, to the regiment he in- 
quired of the doctor where he had met those men before. 
'Oh,' replied the doctor, 'I never saw them before, but 
they are Masons.' 'How did you know that?' asked 
McKinley. 'Oh,' laughingly replied the doctor, 'we have 
a way of finding that out.' 'But,' persisted McKinley, 
'you gave them money.' 'Yes,' answered the doctor. 
'You see, they will go to prison and will doubtless find 
it convenient to have a little money en route.' 'Do you 
expect to get it back?' 'If they are able,' replied the 
doctor, 'and if not it makes no difference. We Masons 
always help each other.' Then the President added : 'I 
said to myself if that is Masonry I think I will try some, 
and that is how I became a Mason, and I took a demit 
to my home town, Canton, Ohio." 



RELIGION OF MASONRY. 

"Speculative Masonry is so far interwoven with re- 
ligion as to lay us under obligations to pay that rational 
homage to the Deity which at once constitutes our duty 
and our happiness. It leads the contemplative mind to 
view with reverence and admiration the glorious works 
of creation, and inspires him with the most exalted ideas 
of the perfection of his divine Creator." That Free- 
masonry should be spoken of as a religious institution, 
or as imparting religious instruction, undoubtedly sounds 
strange to those who think religion must necessarily be 
confined to a particular set of theological dogmas, or, 
in other words, be sectarian. But why should it be 
thought necessary to make religion traverse simply the 
narrow circle of sectarian ideas? Is it not a degrada- 
tion to confine it to so limited a sphere? The Masonic 
idea is that religion is absolute, everlasting and un- 
changing; that it is not a dogma, or a collection of 




7* 



COL. FRANK CURTIS ROUNDY 33° 

Past Commander St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35, 

Commander-in-Chief Oriental Consistory, 

Imperial Potentate of the Mystic 

Shrine, Chicago, 111. 




^ 



SIR JUDGE HENRY L. PALMER 33° 

Grand Commander Supreme Council Northern Juris 

I iction, Past Commander Knighl Templar. 

Wisconsin. 



45 

dogmas, but rather reverence and humility before the 
awful ideas of Infinity and Eternity; a sense of sub- 
jection to the great law of Justice which stretches 
through the universe, and of obligation, to love and serve 
God and man. The ideas of God, retribution, a future 
life — these great facts of religion are not the prop- 
erty of any one sect or party; they form the 
ground-work of all creeds. Religion, we have said, 
is everlasting and immutable. It is the same yesterday, 
to-day, and forever. Sectarianism is but the material 
framework, changeable and perishable, which men in 
different ages and countries have raised around it. This 
material and human investiture of sectarian dogmas 
changes with the times and seasons ; but that religion, 
in the light of which all Masons, whatever their par- 
ticular creed, desire to walk — that religion, sent forth 
into the world with the awful sanction of the Deity upon 
it which, as an Ancient says, "is to visit the widow and 
the fatherless in their afflictions, and keep one's self un- 
spotted from the world" — that religion, the essence of 
which is to love God supremely and our neighbors as 
we love ourselves, can never change; being absolute, it 
can never pass away, and it may be taught, with all its 
obligations, duties and hopes, and all the beautiful ap- 
plications of life, without being trammeled by any sec- 
tarian dogmas whatever. About religion, in its absolute- 
ness, neither men nor sects ever dispute or quarrel. No; 
it shines over the human soul clear and bright, like the 
eternal stars, visible to all ; and always and everywhere 
has her voice been heard, consoling the sorrowful, forti- 
fying the weak, and bidding the sons of men to aspire 
to a celestial communion. Such is the Masonic idea of 
religion. Freemasonry recognizes God as imminent in 
all created things, working in each blade of grass, and 
swelling bud, and opening flower, it looks upon all the 
sciences as so many divine methods through which the 
Infinite Artists reveals his mysteries to man. Should 
any Masonic brother, or any other, think that we are 
claiming too much for Freemasonry in this respect, we 
have only to ask him to turn to the "charges" and "lec- 
tures" published in our books, to find abundant proofs 
of what we assert. There we read : "The universe is the 
Temple of the Deity whom we serve ; Wisdom, Strength 
and Beauty are around his throne, as pillars of his works ; 



46 

for his wisdom is infinite, his strength is omnipotent, 
and his beauty shines forth through all his creation." 
Ancient Freemasonry invariably united all the sciences 
to the religious sentiment. Of Arithmetic it says: "All 
the works of the Almighty are made in number, weight, 
measure, and therefore, to understand them rightly, we 
ought to understand Arithmetical calculations, and be 
thereby led to a more comprehensive knowledge of our 
great Creator." "Astronomy," it says, "is that sublime 
science which inspires the contemplative mind to soar 
aloft and read the wisdom and beauty of the Creator in 
the Heavens. How nobly eloquent of God is the ce- 
lestial hemisphere, spangled with the most magnificent 
symbology of his infinite glory." Discoursing Geometry, 
it says, "By it we discover the power, wisdom and 
goodness of the grand Artificer, and view with delight 
the order and beauty of his works and the proportions 
which connect all parts of his immense universe." Free- 
masonry, therefore, in the spirit of true reverence, con- 
secrates all to God — the worlds with their sublime mys- 
teries, and the human mind with its mighty powers, and 
the sciences which it has discovered and explained. 



OPINIONS. 



Individuals have passed various opinions respecting 
the purity and usefulness of Freemasonry. One says it 
is a modern institution, and therefore of little value ; 
another terms it frivolous, and consequently contemp- 
tible. A third calls it anti-Christian, and warns the pub- 
lic to avoid it as a snare. Others affirm that it is be- 
hind the advancing spirit of the times, and therefore 
obsolete; but let any candidly judge it by its fruits, 
which is the great Christian criterion by which all things 
ought to be tried, according to the divine fiat of its 
founder (Luke vi., 44). We feed the hungry, clothe 
the naked, comfort the sick, relieve the distressed and 
provide for the fatherless and the widows. Is any one 
hungry? — we give him meat. Is any one thirsty? — we 
give him drink; naked? — we clothe him; sick? — we visit 
him; in prison? — we come unto him with the messenger 
of mercy. Whatever may be the opinions of our oppo- 
nents of such deeds as these, we have the satisfaction 



47 

of knowing that an approving sentence will be pro- 
nounced upon them at the last day. 



THE TEMPLE OF KING SOLOMON. 

Mount Moriah was only a rocky spur, but it wit- 
nessed scenes of mighty events. There it was that Abra- 
ham offered his son Isaac as a sacrifice. The threshing- 
floor of Aruanah, the Jebusite, purchased by King David, 
upon which to appease the wrath of the destroying angel, 
David erected an altar and dedicated it to the worship 
of Jehovah. And it was there that Solomon laid the 
foundation for the most magnificent structure in the 
world — a temple of such superb grandeur that words fell 
so short of an ideal description of its marvelous beauty 
that the Queen of Sheba, after personal examination, ex- 
claimed : "The half was not told me !" Occupying a cen- 
tral position on the boundary line between Judah and 
Benjamin, it represented the northern and southern tribes. 

After Solomon had decided to build a Temple at Je- 
rusalem, to perpetuate the ambition of his father, King 
David, he sent an embassy to Tyre, requesting that King 
Hiram furnish him with workmen to cut stone in their 
quarries, and lumber from the forests of Lebanon for 
the construction of the Holy Edifice. Hiram's answer 
to Solomon's communication contained language of 
amity and esteem. He eagerly sought to reciprocate the 
fraternal expressions of brotherly love, and signified his 
pleasure in furnishing cedar and other timber out of 
Lebanon for the erection of a Temple to the Living God. 
In further evidence of his sincerity, he provided the 
most expert architects in his dominion, placing at their 
head the "Master Mind" to animate and direct the pro- 
- ceedings in the person of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff, 
whose individuality was the assurance of success, and 
by whom the union of speculative and operative Masonry 
must be consummated. This skillful and cunning archi- 
tect was a widow's son, of the tribe of Naphtali — but his 
father was a man of Tyre — a worker in metals, wood and 
cloth. He was the most accomplished designer and oper- 
ator on earth, whose abilities were not confined to build- 
ing only, but extended to all kinds of work, whether in 
gold, silver, brass or iron ; linen, tapestry or embroidery ; 



4 8 

whether considered as an architect, sculptor, founder or 
designer, he excelled as an expert artists in every line. 

The foundation of the Temple was laid in A. M. 
2993 (B. C. 1013), its completion requiring seven years. 
The building was small and inferior in point of size to 
our cathedrals and many modern church buildings ; but 
in construction and elaborate finish it by far excelled 
them all. Its dimensions were 150 feet long by 105 feet 
broad, and about 105 feet high. The history of this 
wonderful edifice introduces three great powers: Solo- 
mon, King of Israel ; Hiram, King of Tyre, and Hiram 
Abiff. Its splendors and superiority resulted from ar- 
tistic blending of rich material and highly finished orna- 
mentation. It was built of white marble so exquisitely 
joined together that the joints were not distinguishable; 
and the entire structure had the appearance of having 
been cut from one piece of stone. The timbers were 
palm, cedar and olive wood, handsomely polished and 
overlaid with plates of pure gold, studded with precious 
stones of many hues. 

The Sanctum Sanctorum, or Holy of Holies, was 
about forty-five feet high. The rests or holders of the 
candelabra in this chamber were of rich design ; the 
candelabra were large and beautifully carved, each hold- 
ing seven candles. The candles were made of sperm, 
and gave forth a brilliant light. As the Temple had no 
windows of glass, a thin paper, exquisite in manufac- 
ture, was used, and as the sun-beams of the morning 
reflected through its gauzy texture it shone like a celestial 
coronet, lighting the whole chamber with an unearthly 
glory. The curtain which divided the Holy of Holies 
from the middle chamber was of blue, purple and scar- 
let, and fine-twined linen of cunning work, and wrought 
cherubin thereon. The warp and woof were of gold and 
silver thread highly ornamented. The rooms off from 
the middle chamber were supposed to be the abiding 
place of the King and his family. These were also elabo- 
rately and beautifully furnished. The basement was a 
structure of many chambers, the vaults being substan- 
tially arched in solid masonry, and sufficiently large to 
safely store all of the furniture of the Temple. The se- 
cret passages leading in various directions, communicated 
with all subterranean chambers and galleries. The entire 
structure was surrounded by spacious courts, chambers 




^ 



HIS MAJESTY 
BROTHER DAVID KALAKAUA 33° S. J. 

P. M. Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie, Honolulu, H. I. 




REV. BRO. JACOB J. HILLMER 32° K. C. C. H. 

Past Master Winona Lodge No. 18, Winona, Minn.; Secre- 
tary for 30 years of same. Winona, Minn. 



49 

and other apartments, which were much more extensive 
than the Temple itself. In the subterranean vaults was 
finally stored the Ark of the Covenant and precious jew- 
els with other valuable property. 

At the time of the dedication of the Temple King 
Solomon conducted the services and spoke from a plat- 
form outside of and in front of the Holy of Holies. 

THE MIDDLE CHAMBER. 

The middle or inner chamber, where King Solomon 
received the High Priests and foreign potentates, in- 
cluded the second floor of the Temple, and was a most 
gorgeous chamber, with magnificent appointments, daz- 
zling with radiance of precious stones. The cornices 
were richly gilded, artistically carved, and covered with 
plates of gold, while the architrave consisted of the 
rarest wood, shaped with surpassing skill. Compart- 
ments or shields on the plinth of the columns forty-five 
'feet in height were surrounded by elegant mouldings, 
with borders of polished acacia wood, inlaid with silver, 
ivory and gold, in effect grand and inspiring. The floor 
was inlaid with mosaic, and studded with costly stones. 
The walls were built of onyx and rare marble. The chan- 
cel was enclosed with a wood railing of polished cedar 
overlaid with gold, studded with precious stones of many 
hues. The chairs, used in place of benches, were beauti- 
fully ornamented with rich carvings and upholstered 
with cloth of gold. In front of each were individual 
tables richly inlaid with gold and precious stones, upon 
which lay a copy of the books of law. It was the cus- 
tom of Solomon to engage with his audience every morn- 
ing in praise to Jehovah. In this chamber on every 
side and ceiling were richly designed masses and groups 
of ornamentation, with points of blue, purple, crimson 
and gold. Harmony of colors prevailed everywhere, and 
was intensified by the soft, mellowed radiation from the 
illumined candelabra. The grandeur of the Temple was 
so overpowering that when the Queen of Sheba came to 
pay homage to King Solomon she raised her hands to 
heaven, exclaiming : "Oh, how beautiful ! How beauti- 
ful are thy works, ah, Solomon, King of Israel !" 



50 



SOLOMON S THRONE. 



The following magnificent description of the Throne 
of King Solomon is copied from an ancient Oriental 
manuscript, A. D. 1300. 

"The sides of the Throne were of pure gold, and the 
feet of it were of emeralds and pearls. On each side 
and back of the seven steps were delineated orchards 
full of trees, the branches of which were precious stones, 
representing ripe and unripe fruit. On the tops of the 
trees, fowls of most beautiful plumage were represented. 
These were hollow within, and made to utter sounds of 
a thousand melodious tones. On the first step were 
vines with bunches of grapes, made up of precious stones, 
and arranged in such a manner as to give out colors 
of purple, violet, green and crimson, representing fruits 
in various stages of ripening. On the second step were 
two lions of pure gold life size — fearful to behold. The 
construction of the Throne was such that when Solomon 
placed his feet on the first step, all the birds spread their 
wings and made a fluttering noise. Touching the sec- 
ond step, the lions extended their paws — on reaching the 
third step, the whole assembly repeated the name of 
Deity. When he arrived at the fourth step, voices were 
heard addressing him thus: "Son of David, be grateful 
for the blessings the Almighty hath bestowed upon thee ;" 
the same being repeated at the fifth step. At the sixth 
step, all the children sang praises. On arrival at the 
seventh step, the whole Throne became in motion, con- 
tinuing until he had taken his seat, when all the birds, 
lions and animals by secret springs discharged a shower 
of most precious perfume on the King, when two of the 
birds descended and placed a crown of gold upon his 
head. Before the Throne was a column of burnished 
gold, on top of which was a golden dove, with a roll 
bound in silver in its beak. On this roll was written the 
Psalms of David ; and the dove having presented the roll 
to the King, he read a portion of it to the audience. Such 
was the Throne of Solomon." 

ORIENTAL MUSIC. 

"The Song of Songs, which is Solomon's." 
Everywhere, gilding the twilight of antiquity with 
its suggestive presence, its mysterious power has symbol- 
ized the "Music of the spheres," antedating the remote 
period "When the stars sang together." The Hebrew, 
with distinguishing characteristics of refined sensibility 
and poetic temperament, naturally possessed exalted ideas 



5i 

in regard to music, which they associated inseparably 
with religion. And as their religion was exalting above 
other religions, so their music reached a higher grade 
of tone coloring which true harmony supplies. They 
addressed Jehovah in hymns of praise, regarding music 
a divine link connecting man with his Maker. Jubal is 
referred to as the first musician and maker of musical 
instruments. Moses doubtless acquired a knowledge of 
some system of music when in Egypt, as he had two sil- 
ver trumpets made to give signals to the tribes while 
forty years in the wilderness; and it is claimed that 
these trumpets were paraded in Rome after the destruc- 
tion of the Temple of Jerusalem. 

Miriam's song of triumph in the memorable march 
through the Red Sea is the first recorded musical out- 
burst of the Israelites, and was regarded as an inspira- 
tion from God himself. The psalms were sung in various 
ways antiphonally by priest and people, by divided choirs 
and by Precentor and chorus. The whole business of 
the Levites, especially under Solomon, was to learn 
music, vocal and instrumental — and particular attention 
was given to this part of the Temple worship. Hymns 
of adoration, praise and thanksgiving, as found in the 
42d, 63d, 84th and similar psalms, were rendered in a 
manner to sweeten discordant passions, and attuned their 
souls to the eternal harmonies of the universe; and dur- 
ing the reign of Solomon this, in common with other 
arts of peace, attained to a mature stage of develop- 
ment. 



MASONRY AND CHURCH. 

The Worshipful Master of Wm. B. Warren Lodge 
209, at an installment ceremony, in introducing the even- 
ing speaker, the Rev. Brother Wm. White Wilson, of St. 
Mark's Episcopal Church, Chicago, prelate of Montjoie 
Commandery, and member of Oriental Consistory, Chi- 
cago, said in part: 

"Did you ever reflect upon what the word 'install' 
means? It means to put a person or an animal in a 
stall. Back in those days when operative Masonry 
merged into speculative Masonry, to which you have 
had your attention called, the great work of the mem- 



52 

bers of the order was the building of the cathedrals — 
those beautiful monuments of architecture that are spread 
all over Europe, and are the admiration of the world 
to-day. In connection with those grand cathedrals there 
were certain ecclesiastical offices which had to be filled. 
In the arrangement of the furniture of the cathedrals, 
in what we call the chancels, or quoirs to-day, there were 
beautifully carved seats on either side to be occupied 
by these officers of the cathedral, at times when tney 
were gathered together for any special office or work. 
Whenever a person was elevated to an office in connec- 
tion with a cathedral he was, by a public service, in- 
ducted into his office and led over to the seat which he 
should occupy. It was in shape something like what we 
call a stall. Thus, he was installed. By our seats or 
stalls we indicate the class or rank of our particular offi- 
cers, as in a well-appointed cathedral. 

It is one of the rules of Masonry that is quite gener- 
ally observed that an officer must start in a low position 
and go on up. He must take his position in line and 
advance according to his experience in Masonry. In that 
way we have installed the officers to-night. What we call 
outside influence has very little to do with advancement 
in office in a Masonic Lodge. It is purely a question of 
proved worth in service and fitness for the work. 

The Masonic Order began in the Church. It was 
started as a church institution. Its ritual was framed 
by ministers of the Church. It was formed amongst 
those who were members of the Church, and were de- 
voted to the building of temples for the worship of God, 
the great cathedrals in the Middle Ages. The Masonic 
Order was in the Church and of the Church. 

The Church has always been an educational institu- 
tion. Colleges originated in the Church. It is not long 
ago that colleges were not known outside or apart from 
the churches. They were looked upon in the nature of 
religious institutions, or adjuncts to them. Also the 
bonds of fraternity, known to civilization before the time 
of the Reformation, were in the Church. There is where 
we find the brotherhoods, or fraternities of clergy and 
laity, from the earliest times — so that within the Church 
there has always been religion, education and fraternity. 
In the Masonic Lodge we have the same thing ex- 
hibited. The teachings are distinctly religious, especially 



53 

within the past three hundred years — and the Masonic 
institution is directly an educational institution. There 
is nothing in the world that goes over and over the same 
lesson night after night as does the Masonic Order. It 
is distinctly educational. 

Of course, it is fraternal, as there are obligations and 
bonds that secure a fraternity as strong as any the world 
knows. 

I think the great strength of the Masonic Order, and 
its wonderful growth, come from a better understanding. 
Church people are being led to better understand the 
attitude of Masonry. I believe the time is not far dis- 
tant when the two will work in such harmony that it 
will be hard to distinguish between them. 

There are two or three things that are especially 
taught by the Masonic Order. In the Masonic Lodge 
one thing is taught as a fundamental principle — that is 
humility. It is taught in the way that no brother ever 
can forget it. Every one who comes into a Masonic 
Lodge comes in a condition that emphasizes his humil- 
ity. No matter who he is, he must come in that way — 
let him be the President of the United States — let him 
be a common merchant or tradesman, or a rich capital- 
ist, it makes no difference — he comes in a way that 
places him in an humble attitude. It impresses me deeply 
whenever I see it. It leads us to appreciate the import- 
ance of humility. 

The virtue to which my brother referred is good — 
but, for my part, as I go on in my own experience, with 
what I am called upon to do as a Christian minister, I 
grow more and more into the appreciation of the truth, 
that the greatest of all Christian virtues is Charity. When 
I look below me sometimes and see those who are in a 
lower scale of society than myself, and reflect upon their 
mistakes, their sins and their weaknesses, the thought 
comes over me that perhaps if I were there, subjected 
to their temptations, I might be as bad, if not worse. 
When I look up at those who appear to be higher than 
I — more favored with this world's goods — and see their 
extravagances and their pleasures, the thought comes to 
me that if I were there I might be the same and yield 
to the same influences. "There is so much good in the 
worst of us, and so much bad in the best of us, that it 
ill behooves any of us to talk about the rest of us." 



54 

Another thing taught in Masonry, to which I will 
refer briefly, is what we call service. You hear Masons 
say frequently : " There is work to do to-night ; I work at 
the Lodge." Those outside wonder what the expression 
means. It means the service of high and noble prin- 
ciples. That is a lesson we all need to learn. We are 
so prone to serve the lower nature and the baser things 
that we need to learn the importance of serving the 
higher and the better things. In the Masonic Lodge, 
whether a man is sincere or not, he cannot be in the 
Lodge without doing the work — he must render service. 
This emphasizes the great teaching of Holy Scripture — 
that "They who come up to the measure of what God 
requires of all His creatures, do it in His service." 

We sometimes look forward to the great future, and 
wonder what our condition will be in that other world to 
which are going. As we study the revelation of God's 
word — dwell upon the pictures that are outlined before 
us with regard to the future glory and beauty, and go on 
upwards to the end of tbe inspired record, we find these 
words at the close of the glorious scene: "His servants 
shall serve Him." This is the summing up of the whole 
matter. 

Then, in conclusion, one more thing that is taught 
in the Masonic Lodge very emphatically, which is im- 
portant along the lines to which my brother has referred, 
as well as every other line of human advancement, is 
that of kindness and sympathy. We have it brought 
before us constantly. We cannot escape it. There is one 
place where kindness is emphasized constantly — and that 
is in the Masonic Lodge. How much we need to learn 
this lesson ! In these days of greed and avarice — in these 
times of jealousy and envy — in these days of eager earn- 
est, extreme effort along the line of human and material 
advancement, we need to learn the lesson of human kind- 
ness. 



55 
MASONIC CHARITIES OF THE WORLD. 



Amounting in a Fund $2,701,748 and in Properties, 
$4,279,385. 



The following is the Masonic Charities of the world, 
which I vouch for as being correct, having compiled 
them in short form from the works of the illustrious 
Brother General John Corsom Smith, 33 °. If you desire 
to know more of them I refer you to Brother Smith. 

Arizona — Has widows' and orphans' fund to the 
amount of $10,000. 

Arkansas — Is levying 50 cents per capita since 1904 for 
building orphan home. 

Australia — Has a benevolent fund amounting to about 
$10,000. 

New South Wales — Benevolent fund, $53,820; also a 
Masonic Convalescent Home, erected in 1887 ; total num- 
ber cared for, 143. 

United Grand Lodge of Victoria — A home for aged, 
valued at $45,000; inmates, 17. 

California — Masonic Widows' and Orphans' Home; 
value, $170,000; inmates, 109. 

Colorado — Permanent benevolent fund, $6,226. 

Connecticut — Masonic Charity Foundation Home ; 
value, $50,000 ; inmates, 65 ; annual contribution, $12,862 ; 
endowment, $10,315. 

District of Columbia — Is erecting Masonic Home at 
cost of $20,000. 

Egypt — Is maintaining a girls' school at Mansomah. 

England — A charity fund, dating back to 171 7; annual 
income from all lodges, per capita tax, $45,000 to $50,000. 
Royal Masonic Institution for Girls, founded 1788; value 
of property, 1904, $580,000 ; number of girls, 269 ; annual 
expenditure, $83,000. Royal Masonic Institution for 
Boys, founded 1798; value of property, $1,000,000; 
number of boys, 357; annual expenditure, $110,000. 
Institution for Aged Freemasons and Widows, organ- 
ized 1835; endowment, $1,171,150; receipts, 1904, $176,- 
245 ; number receiving charity, 592 ; annual expenditure, 
$111,385; in 1904 London citizens contributed to these 
three institutions $515,690. 



56 

Florida — Began 1904 collecting funds for a home and 
receipts for the first year showed cash in hand, $6,524. 

Georgia — Just completed Masonic Home ; value, $40,- 
000. 

Germany — The grand national Mother Lodge of three 
globes. Berlin has a charity fund of $100,000; 115 
subordinate lodges have a fund of $600,000; Hamburg 
has a Freemasons' Hospital. In 1902 it had 625 patients ; 
expenditure, $20,000. 

Hungary — Has a Freemasons' Charity Fund ; cash in 
hand, $8,600. 

Idaho — Has a permanent Relief Fund, now $3,700. 

Illinois — Oldest institution Masons' Orphan Home, 
1885; value, $60,000; inmates, 81; Masonic Home at 
Sullivan, 264 acres of land and building; value, $75,000. 

India — Has a permanent Relief Fund ; 1904, rupees, 
36,900. Calcutt, Benevolent Fund, cash in hand, 1905, 
rupees, 9,020. 

Indian Territory — Has Orphans' Home Fund ; cash in 
hand, August, 1904, $29,112. 

Iozva — Has a Grand Lodge Charity Fund, collected by 
taxation on lodge funds in hand, $12,000. 

Ireland — Has three great Masons' charity institutions: 
(a) Masons' Female Orphan Home, founded 1792; value, 
of property, $150,000; number of pupils, 98; annual ex- 
penditure, $13,000; (b) Masons' Orphan Boys' School, 
founded 1860; value of property, $125,000; pupils, 96; 
annual expenditure, $17,000; (c) Victoria Jubilee Ma- 
sonic Annuity Fund, founded 1887 ; number of annui- 
ants, 32 ; annual payments, $3,000. 

Jamaica — Has a Masonic Benevolence Association ; re- 
ceipts in 1904, $690. 

Kansas — Has a Masonic Home ; revenue from all 
sources for its support in 1904, $21,314. 

Kentucky — Principal charity, Masonic Widows' and 
Orphans' Home ; value, $20,000 ; annual expenditure for 
support, $4,000; also Home school in Louisville. 

Michigan — Masonic Home; value of property, $100,- 
000 ; inmates, 54 ; annual expenditure, $9,257. 

Mississippi — Has endowment fund for Orphan Home, 
$50,000. 

Missouri — Masonic Home; value of property. $100,- 
000; endowment fund, $107,000; inmates, 137. 



57 

Nebraska — Has Masonic Home; value, $15,000; in- 
mates, 17. 

New Hampshire — Masonic Home; value, $28,000; in- 
mates, 6; expenditures, $1,600; an endowment fund of 
$5,000. 

New Jersey — Masonic Home ; value, $100,000 ; perma- 
nent fund, $33,730; inmates, 64. 

Scotland — Has Masonic Annuity Fund; on application 
sums from $25 to $600 are granted. 

Sweden — Has a Boys' and Girls' Home and School; 
value of property, $300,000 ; pupils in 1904, 143 ; ex- 
penditure, $16,600. 

Tennessee — Widows' and Orphans' Home ; value, $40,- 
000; endowment, $17,237; inmates, 122; average cost 
per year for each person, $101. 

Texas — Masonic Widows' and Orphans' Home; value, 
$110,000; inmates, 143; expenditure, $24,000. 

Virginia — Masonic Home of Virginia; value, $40,000; 
endowment fund, $16,000; expenditure, $9,000. 

New York — Masonic Home and Asylum; value of 
property, $500,000 ; inmates, 303 ; annual expenditure, 
$63,000 ; endowment fund, $242,928. 

North Carolina — Oxford Orphan Asylum, supported 
and maintained by the Masonic Order; furnishes home 
and school for white children of North Carolina ; value of 
property, $100,000; pupils, 277; annual expenditure, 
$15,460; annual receipts, $13,000, of which State, $10,000. 

Ohio — Masonic Home; annual receipts, $50,000; ex- 
penditure, $33,000; inmates, 149. 

Pennsylvania — Has Charity Fund amounting to $334,- 
526 ; maintains a Masonic Home and other benevolent in- 
stitutions, especially Elkins Masonic Home for Orphan 
Girls; cost, $350,000. 



PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 
As A Mason. 

On June 8, 1907, President Roosevelt, under the au- 
spices of Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4, Virginia, offi- 
ciated as a Master Mason laying the corner stone for 
the new Masonic Temple now building in the City of 
Washington, District of Columbia. Of the prominent 
Masons present we give the names of J. H. Smal, presi- 



58 

dent of the Temple Association ; Mathew Trumbel, Harry 
L. West, James D. Richardson, Grand Commander 
Southern Supreme Council, 33 °, the mother council of 
the world. 

As a great Masonic event in history, we recite: The 
gavel and trowel used on this occasion were the same 
as used by Brother George Washington in laying the cor- 
ner stone for our National Capitol, September 18, 1792, 
and the Bible used was the identical Bible upon which 
Brother George Washington took the obligation of a 
Mason. What other fraternity has such a grand history 
as ours? 

The gavel, trowel and Bible are the property of Fred- 
ericksburg Lodge No. 4. 



THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The following are the Presidents of the United States 
who have graced our order and broken bread in our 
Temples and vowed obedience to our rules and regula- 
tions : 

Bro. George Washington. 

Bro. Andrew Jackson, Grand Master Tennessee. 

Bro. James K. Polk. 

Bro. James Buchanan. 

Bro. Andrew Johnson. 

Bro. James A. Garfield. 

Bro. William McKinley. 

Bro. Theodore Roosevelt. 

And the following Brethren signed the Declaration 
of Independence: 

Bro. William Hooper, North Carolina. 
Bro. Mathew Thornton, New Hampshire. 
Bro. John Hancock, Massachusetts. 
Bro. Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania. 
Bro. William Whipple, New Hampshire. 
Bro. Philip Livingston, New York. 



59 
LEGEND OF APRON. 

The Masonic apron is said to be more ancient than the 
badge of any other honorable institution. It was used 
before the Greeks and Romans had a name. The Argo- 
nautic expedition is generally believed to be only a figura- 
tive account of the deluge, and the apron is unquestion- 
ably older than that event. It was, therefore, worn 
before the establishment of Free Masonry. We are cer- 
tain from undeniable authority that the apron was the 
first species of clothing with which mankind was ac- 
quainted, and was adopted before the expulsion of our 
progenitors from the Garden of Eden. When they had 
violated the original compact their eyes were open to 
knowledge of guilt and shame, and they saw that they 
were naked. Deeency suggested the necessity of cover- 
ing themselves with aprons. It is therefore said with 
great propriety that the apron is more ancient than the 
golden -fleece or the Roman Eagle. 



IN GOD WE TRUST 




In Hoc Signo Vinces 



TRUTH —WISDOM— LIBERTY 



AMEN 



LE fvp '09 



